BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Part One: Pursuing the Good Life: The Meaning of Development as it Relates to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
   1. Part 1-I: How the Concept of Development Got Started
   2. Part 1-II: The Functions of the IMF and the World Bank
   3. Part 1-III: Competing Theories of Economic Development
   4. Part I-IV: The 1960s and the 1970s: The World Bank Attacks Poverty: Developing Countries Attack the IMF
   5. Part I-V: The 1980s: The Debt Crisis & The Lost Decade
2. Part Two: Citizens, National Governments, and International Financial Institutions: Changing Conceptions of Development in the 1990s
   1. Part 2-I: Development in the 1990s
   2. Part 2-II: 50^th Anniversary of the World Bank & The IMF Prompts Criticism
   3. Part 2-III: The IMF & The World Bank Respond to Criticisms
   4. Part 2-IV: Participatory Development and NGOs: A Look at the World Bank
   5. Part 2-V: Good Governance & Transparency: Their Impact on Development
3. Part Three: Private Capital and Development: Challenges Facing International Financial Institutions in a Globalized Economy
   1. Part 3-I: What Does Globalization Mean?
   2. Part 3-II: National Capital Markets & Their Importance
   3. Part 3-III: Development, the IMF, & Institutional Investors
   4. Part 3-IV: The Promises and Perils of Globalization: The Asian Financial Crisis
   5. Part 3-V: Coping with Private Markets
   6. Part 3-VI: 1998/1999 Update
4. Part Four: The Advent of the 21^st Century: Major Developments in International Finance and Development
   1. Part 4-I: Foreign Debt: Forgiveness and Repudiation
   2. Part 4-II: Remittances and Development
   3. Part 4-III: Regional Development Banks
5. Part Five: The Global Financial Crisis
   1. Part 5-I: What Gave Rise to the Global Financial Crisis?
   2. Part 5-II: Why Did the Credit Crisis Spread to Global Markets?
   3. Part 5-III: What Role Did Credit Rating Agencies Play in the Credit Crisis?
   4. Part 5-IV: Major Financial Institutions in the Crisis: What Happened and Government Responses
   5. Part 5-V: How Did the Central Banks in the U.S. and Europe React to the Global Financial Crisis?
   6. Part 5-VI: Immediate Actions Taken by the U.S. and European Governments
   7. Part 5-VII: Post-Crisis Financial Regulatory Reform
6. Part Six: The European Sovereign Debt Crisis
   1. Part 6-I: The Creation and Flaws of the European Economic and Monetary Union
   2. Part 6-II: The Spread of the European Sovereign Debt Crisis
   3. Part 6-III: What Measures Did Europe Take to Contain the Crisis?
   4. Part 6-IV: The Global Effects of the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

 

Part One: Pursuing the Good Life: The Meaning of Development as it Relates to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

Part 1-I: How the Concept of Development Got Started

Economics & Development

Books

1. Paul A. Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (4th prtg. 1967).
2. David Buisseret, Sully and The Growth of Centralized Government in France (1968).
3. Donald A. Bullough, The Age of Charlemagne (1965).
4. David Colman & Frederick Nixson, Economics of Change in Less Developed Countries (3d ed., 1994).
5. The Latin American Economies: Growth and the Export Sector, 1880-1930 (Roberto Cortes Conde & Shane J. Hunt eds., 1985).
6. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (1973).
7. Barry J. Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (1996).
8. Barry J. Eichengreen, Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919-1939 (1992).
9. Celso Furtado, Development and Underdevelopment (Ricardo W. De
10. Aguiar & Eric Charles Drysdale trans., 1964).
11. Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development (Tom Bottomore ed., Morris Watnick & Sam Gordon trans., Routledge & Paul Kegan 1981) (1910).
12. Albert O. Hirschman, Essays in Trespassing: Economics to Politics and Beyond (1981).
13. Albert O. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development (1958).
14. Chester L. Hunt, Social Aspects of Economic Development (1966).
15. Jorge Larrain, Theories of Development: Capitalism, Colonialism and Dependency (1989).
16. Ragnar Nurkse, Wicksell Lectures 1959: Patterns of Trade & Development (1961).
17. Richard Henry Tawney, Land and Labour in China (1932).

Articles

1. Amartya Sen, The Concept of Development, in 1 Handbook of Development Economics 10 (Hollis Chenery & T.N. Srinivasan, eds., 1988).
2. Hans Wolfgang Singer, Editorial: The Golden Age of the Keynesian Consensus-The Pendulum Swings Back, 25 World Dev. 293 (1997).
3. Paul Streeten, Development Dichotomies, 11 World Dev. 875 (1983).

History & History of Development

1. Heinz W. Arndt, Economic Development: The History of an Idea (1987).
2. Carlo M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy (1976).
3. Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil (1967).
4. William Otto Henderson, The Industrialization of Europe 1780-1914 (1969).
5. Robert Latouche, The Birth of Western Economy: Economic Aspects of the Dark Ages (1966).
6. Robert Sabatino Lopez, The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages (1973).
7. Robert Roswell Palmer, A History of the Modern World (1984).
8. Sidney Pollard, Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe (1981).
9. Richard William Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (1953).
10. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the
11. Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (1980).

Vladimir Lenin

1. Vladimir Lenin, Collected Works (45 vols. , Trans. of the 4th Enlarged Russian ed.,
2. Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1960-1970).
3. Vladimir Lenin, The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1898).
4. Vladimir Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916).

John Maynard Keynes

1. John Maynard Keynes, Indian Currency and Finance, Vol. 1 (Donald Moggridge ed., 1978).
2. John Maynard Keynes, A Tract on Monetary Reform (2000).
3. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1997).
4. John Maynard Keynes, Collected Writings: Bibliography and Index (1990).
5. John Maynard Keynes, A Revision of the Treaty, Vol. 3 (Donald Moggridge ed., 1978).

Marshall

1. Alfred Marshall, Money Credit and Commerce (1997).
2. Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics (1997).
3. Alfred Marshall, The Pure Theory of Foreign Trade. The Pure Theory of Domestic
4. Values (photo. reprint 1949) (1879).

Karl Marx

1. Interpretations of Marx (Tom Bottomore ed., 1988).
2. Jon Elster, An Introduction to Karl Marx (1986).
3. Karl Marx: A Reader (Jon Elster ed., 1986).
4. 2 Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (David Fernbach trans., VintagE-Books 1981) (1978).
5. The Marx-Engels Reader (Robert C. Tucker ed., 1972).
6. Robert C. Tucker, The Marxian Revolutionary Idea (1969).

Adam Smith

1. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776).
2. Adam Smith, Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976-83)
3. Essays on Adam Smith (A.S. Skinner & T. Wilson eds., 1975).

Part 1-II: The Functions of the IMF and the World Bank

History

Books

1. Barry J. Eichengreen, Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919-1939 (1992).
2. Barry J. Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (1996).
3. Louis W. Pauly, Who Elected the Bankers? Surveillance and Control in the World Economy (1997).
4. John Wheeler-Bennet & Anthony J. Nichols, The Semblance of Peace: The Political Settlement After the Second World War (1972).
5. Chester Wilmot, The Struggle for Europe (1952).

BWIs

Books

1. Bretton Woods Revisited: Evaluations of the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (A.L. Acheson et al. eds., 1972).
2. Robert L. Ayres, Banking on the Poor: The World Bank and World Poverty (1983).
3. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 1946-1953 (1954).
4. The Bretton Woods-Gatt System: Retrospect and Prospect After Fifty Years (Orin Kirshner ed., 1996).
5. Georg Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (1995).
6. Armand Van Dormael, Bretton Woods: Birth of a Monetary System (1978). World Bank, The Assault on World Poverty: Problems of Rural Development, Education and Health (1975).
7. World Bank, Bretton Woods at Forty, 1944-84: A Series of Articles Commemorating the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference Held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, July 1-22, 1944 (1987).

Articles

1. Edward M. Bernstein, The Making and Remaking of the Bretton Woods Institutions, in The Bretton Woods-Gatt System: Retrospect and Prospect After Fifty Years 89 (Orin Kirshner ed., 1996).
2. James M. Boughton & K. Sarwar Lateef, Introduction and Overview, in Fifty Years After Bretton Woods: The Future of the IMF and the World Bank 1 (James M. Boughton & K. Sarwar Lateef eds., 1995).
3. Alexander Cairncross, A British Perspective on Bretton Woods, in The Bretton Woods-Gatt System: Retrospect and Prospect After Fifty Years 70, 30-51 (Orin Kirshner ed., 1996).
4. Enrique R. Carrasco & M. Ayhan Kose, Income Distribution and the Bretton Woods Institutions: Promoting an Enabling Environment for Social Development, 6 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 1 (1996).
5. Kathryn M. Dominguez, The Role of International Organizations in the Bretton Woods System, in A Retrospective On The Bretton Woods System: Lessons For International Monetary Reform 357 (Michael D. Bordo & Barry Eichengreen, eds. 1993).
6. Barry Eichengreen & Peter B. Kennen, Managing the World Economy Under the Bretton Woods System: An Overview, in Managing the World Economy: Fifty Years After Bretton Woods 3 (Peter B. Kenen, ed., 1994).
7. Richard N. Gardner, Establishing a Vision for Promoting Economic Development, in Fifty Years After Bretton Woods: The Future of the IMF and the World Bank 63 (James M. Boughton & K. Sarwar Lateef, eds., 1995).
8. Margaret Garritsen de Vries, The Bretton Woods Conference and the Birth of the International Monetary Fund, in The Bretton Woods-GATT System: Retrospect and Prospect After Fifty Years 3 (Orin Kirshner ed., 1996).
9. Anne O. Krueger, The Role of Multilateral Lending Institutions in the Development Process, 7 Asian Dev. Rev. 1 (1989).
10. Victor Urquidi, Reconstruction vs. Development: The IMF and the World Bank, in The Bretton Woods-Gatt System: Retrospect and Prospect After Fifty Years 30 (Orin Kirshner ed., 1996).

Pamphlets

1. A.W. Hooke, The Int'l Monetary Fund Pamphlet Series No. 3, The International Monetary Fund: Its Evolution, Organization and Activities, (1983).
2. Treasurer's Department, International Monetary Fund, The Int'l Monetary Fund Pamphlet Series No. 45, Financial Organization and Operations of the IMF (1991).

IMF

Books

1. Kenneth W. Dam, The Rules of the Game: Reform and Evolution in the International Monetary System (1982).
2. Erik Denters, Law and Policy of the IMF Conditionality (1996).
3. Richard W. Edwards, International Monetary Collaboration (1985).
4. D.F.I. Folkerts-Landau et al., International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues (1997).
5. Margaret Garritsen de Vries, Balance of Payments Adjustment, 1945 to 1986: The IMF Experience (1987).
6. Joseph Gold, Interpretation: The IMF and International Law (1996).
7. Joseph Gold, Legal and Institutional Aspects of the International Monetary Fund System: Selected Essays (Jane B. Evensen & Jai Keun Oh eds., 1979).
8. Joseph Gold, The Stand-By Arrangements of the International Monetary Fund: A Commentary on Their Formal, Legal, and Financial Aspects (1970).
9. Catherine Gwin & Richard E. Feinberg, The International Monetary Fund in a Multipolar World: Pulling Together (1989).
10. J. Keith Horsefield & Margaret Garritsen de Vries, The International Monetary Fund, 1945-1965: Twenty Years of International Monetary Cooperation (1969)
11. International Monetary Fund, The Payment System: Design, Management, and Supervision (Bruce J. Summers ed., 1994).
12. Harold James, International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods (1996).
13. Andreas F. Lowenfeld, The International Monetary System (4 International Economic Law, 2d ed. 1984).
14. The Political Morality of the International Monetary Fund, 3 Ethics and Foreign Policy (Robert J. Myers ed., 1987).
15. Bahram Nowzad, Promoting Development: The IMF's Contribution (rev. ed. 1992).

Articles, Pamphlets, & Papers

1. Daniel D. Bradlow, The International Monetary Fund, in International Borrowing: Negotiating and Structuring International Debt Transactions 147 (Daniel D. Bradlow, ed., 3rd ed., 1994).
2. Anand G. Chandavankar, The International Monetary Fund: Its Financial Organization and Activities, 42 Int'l Monetary Fund 1 (1984).
3. Erik Denters, IMF Conditionality: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Evolving Principle of Solidarity, in International Law and Development 235 (Paul De Waart et al. eds., 1988).
4. IMF Assessment Project, Alexis de Toqueville Institution, IMF Conditionality 1980-1991: A White Paper (1992).
5. International Monetary Fund, Adapting IMF Surveillance to a Changing Global Economy, 26 IMF Surv. 113 (1997).
6. International Monetary Fund, Surveillance, IMF Quota, and Debt Issues to be Featured at Spring Meetings, 26 IMF Surv. 127 (1997).
7. International Monetary Fund, Share in SDR Advocacy, 25 IMF Surv. September 1996 IMF Supp., 4 (1996). International Monetary Fund, SDR, An International Reserve Asset, 25 IMF Survey, September 1996 IMF Supp. 20 (1996).
8. Stephen A. Silard, The Role of the International Monetary Fund, 32 Am. U. L. Rev. 89 (1982).
9. Joan Verloren van Themaat, Some Notes on IMF Conditionality with a Human Face, in International Law and Development 229 (Paul De Waart et al. eds., 1988).
10. Howard M. Wachtel, The Politics of International Money, 2 Transnat'l. Issues (1987).

Websites

1. David D. Driscoll, What is the International Monetary Fund? (last modified Sept. 1998) <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/exrp/what.htm>.
2. External Relations Department, International Monetary Fund, IMF Quotas and Quota Review (last modified Mar. 1999) <http://www.imf.org/external/ np/exr/facts/quotas.htm>.
3. External Relations Department, International Monetary Fund, Technical Assistance (last modified Mar. 1999) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/ exr/facts/tech.htm>.
4. International Monetary Fund, Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund (visited Aug. 24, 1999) <http://www.imf.org/external/ pubs/ft/aa/index.htm>.
5. International Monetary Fund, IMF Quotas, Governors, and Voting Power
6. General Department and Special Drawing Rights Department (last modified Aug. 23, 1999) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/ members.htm>.
7. International Monetary Fund, Frequently Asked Questions (visited Aug. 24,1999) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/faq/faqs.htm>.
8. International Monetary Fund, The IMF at a Glance (last modified May, 1999) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/glance.htm>.
9. Treasurer's Department, International Monetary Fund, Users' Guide to the SDR: A Manual of Transactions and Operations in SDRs (last modified Oct. 1995) <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/usrgsdr/usercon.htm>.

World Bank

Books

1. Warren C. Baum, The Project Cycle (1982).
2. William A. Delphos, Inside the World Bank Group: The Practical Guide for International Business Executives (1997).
3. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 1946-1953 (1954).
4. Edward S. Mason & Robert E. Asher, The World Bank Since Bretton Woods: the Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Other Members of the World Bank Group (1973).
5. Robert W. Oliver, International Economic Co-operation and the World Bank (1975).
6. Robert W. Oliver, Early Plans for a World Bank (1971).
7. Carol Sherman, A Look Inside the World Bank (1990).
8. Ibrahim F. Shihata, The World Bank in a Changing World: Selected Essays and Lectures vol. 2 (1995).
9. Ibrahim F. Shihata, The World Bank in a Changing World: Selected Essays and Lectures vol. 1 (1991).
10. Ibrahim F. Shihata, Social and Political Issues in World Bank Operations (1991).

Articles

1. William Ascher, New Development Approaches and the Adaptability of International Agencies: The Case of the World Bank, 37 Int'l Org. 415 (1983).
2. R. Ayres, The Bank and its Activities, in International Borrowing: Negotiating and Structuring International Debt Transactions 99 (Daniel D. Bradlow, ed. 1994).
3. Caroline Doggart, From Reconstruction to Development in Europe and Japan, in The Evolving Role of the World Bank: Helping Meet the Challenge of Development 37 (K. Sarwar Lateef ed., 2d prtg. 1996).
4. Hans Petersman, The Operations of the World Bank and the Evolution of Its Institutional Functions Since Bretton Woods (1944-84), 26 German Y.B. Int'l L. 7 (1983).

Websites

1. David D. Driscoll, The IMF and the World Bank: How Do They Differ? (last modified Aug. 1996) <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/exrp/ differ/differ.htm>.
2. World Bank, What is the World Bank? (last modified Jun. 29,1999) <http:// www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/content.htm>.
3. World Bank, What is the History of the World Bank?: Fifty Years of Operational Highlights (last modified Apr. 1, 1999) <http://www.worldbank. org/html/extdr/backgrd/ibrd/history.htm>.
4. World Bank, Questions and Answers About the World Bank, Fall 1998 (last modified Nov. 11, 1998) <http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/faq/faq.htm>.
5. World Bank, The World Bank Operational Manual (visited Aug. 24, 1999) <http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/institutional/manuals/opmanual.nsf>.
6. World Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: Articles of Agreement (as amended effective February 16, 1989) (last modified Oct. 2, 1998) <http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/arttoc.htm>.
7. World Bank, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (last modified Oct. 19, 1998) <http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/ backgrd/>.
8. World Bank, International Finance Corporation, A Member of the World Bank Group (last modifed Aug. 24, 1999) <http://www.ifc.org/>.
9. World Bank, The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (last modified Jun. 1, 1999) < http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/ >.
10. World Bank, International Development Association (last modified Jun. 12, 1999) <http://www.worldbank.org/ida/>.
11. World Bank, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (last modified Aug. 12, 1999) <http://www.miga.org/welcome.htm>

Part 1-III: Competing Theories of Economic Development

Books

1. The Economics of Underdevelopment (A.N. Agarwala & S.P. Singh eds., 1958). Theories of Income Distribution (Athanasios Asimakopulos ed., 1988). Jere R. Behrman, Macroeconomic Policy in a Developing Country: The Chilean Experience (1977).
2. David Colman & Frederick Nixson, Economics of Change in Less Developed Countries (2d ed. 1986).
3. Celso Furtado, Development and Underdevelopment (Ricardo W. De Aguiar & Eric Charles Drysdale trans., 1964).
4. Celso Furtado, Obstacles to Development in Latin America (Charles Ekker trans., 1970).
5. The Theory and Experience of Economic Development: Essays in Honor of Sir W. Arthur Lewis (Mark Gersovitz et al. eds., 1982).
6. Nicholas V. Gianaris, Economic Development: Thought and Problems (1978). J.C. Glass & W. Johnson, Economics: Progression, Stagnation or Degeneration? (1989).
7. Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development (Tom Bottomore ed., Morris Watnick & Sam Gordon trans., Routledge 1981) (1910).
8. Albert O. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development (1958). Diana Hunt, Economic Theories of Development: An Analysis of Competing Paradigms(1989).
9. Cristóbal Kay, Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment (1989).
10. Jorge Larrain, Theories of Development: Capitalism, Colonialism and Dependency (1989).
11. David H. Lempert et al., A Model Development Plan: New Strategies and Perspectives (1995).
12. Leading Issues in Economic Development (Gerald M. Meier ed., 5th ed. 1989). From Dependency to Development: Strategies to Overcome Underdevelopment and Inequality (Heraldo Muñoz ed., 1980).
13. Gunnar Myrdal, Economic Theory and Under-Developed Regions (1957).
14. Ian Roxborough, Theories of Underdevelopment (1979).
15. Amartya Kumar Sen, Choice of Techniques: An Aspect of the Theory of Planned Economic Development (2d ed. 1962).
16. 1-3 Handbook of Development Economics (T.N. Srinivasan et al. eds., 1988-1995). Joseph E. Stiglitz, Economics (1st ed. 1993).
17. Paul Streeten et al., First Things First: Meeting Basic Needs in the Developing Countries (1981).
18. R.M. Sundrum, Development Economics: A Framework for Analysis and Policy (1983).
19. Lance Taylor, Income Distribution, Inflation, and Growth: Lectures on Structuralist Macroeconomic Theory (1991). Socially Relevant Policy Analysis: Structuralist Computable General Equilibrium Models for the Developing World (Lance Taylor ed., 1990).
20. Lance Taylor, Structuralist Macroeconomics: Applicable Models for the Third World (1983).
21. Michael S. Todaro, Economic Development (6th ed. 1997).

Articles & Reports

1. C.E. Ayres, Economic Development: An Institutionalist Perspectives, in Latin America's Economic Development: Institutionalist and Structuralist Perspectives 45 (James L. Dietz & James H. Street eds., 1987).
2. Pranab Bardhan, Economics of Development and the Development of Economics, 7 J. Econ. Perspectives 129 (1993).
3. Pranab Bardhan, Alternative Approaches to Development Economics: An Evaluation, in 1 Handbook of Development Economics 39 (Hollis Chenery & T. N. Srinivasan eds., 1988).
4. Henry J. Bruton, The Search for a Development Economics, 13 World Dev. 1099 (1985).
5. Lan Cao, Toward a New Sensibility for International Economic Development, 32 Tex. Int'l L.J. 209 (1997).
6. Enrique R. Carrasco, Law, Hierarchy, and Vulnerable Groups in Latin America: Towards a Communal Model of Development in a Neoliberal World, 30 Stan. J. Int'l L. 221 (1994).
7. Alejandro Foxley, Latin American Experiments in Neo-Conservative Economics, in Latin America's Economic Development: Institutionalist and Structuralist Perspectives 244 (James L. Dietz & James H. Street eds., 1987).
8. Nora Lustig, From Structuralism to Neostructuralism: The Search for a Heterodox Paradigm, in The Latin American Development Debate: Neostructuralism, Neomonetarism, and Adjustment Processes 27 (Patricio Meller ed., 1991).
9. James H. Street, The Ayres-Kuznets Framework and Argentine Dependency, in Latin America's Economic Development: Institutionalist and Structuralist Perspectives 54 (James L. Dietz & James H. Street eds., 1987).
10. James H. Street, The Latin American Structuralists and the Institutionalists: Convergence in Development Theory, in Latin America's Economic Development: Institutionalist and Structuralist Perspectives 101 (James L. Dietz & James H. Street eds., 1987).
11. Econ. Comm'n for Latin America, The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems, U.N. Sales No. 1950. II.G.2 (1950).

Websites

1. Yousuf Dhamee, David Ricardo (last modified May 18, 1998) <http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/economics/ric.html>.
2. Yousuf Dhamee, Victorian Economics: An Overview (visited Aug. 29, 1999) <http://landow.stg.Brown.edu/victorian/economics/econov.html>.
3. Paul J. Healy, The Cold War (visited Aug. 29, 1999) <http://icdweb.cc.purdue.edu/~phealy/welcome.html>.
4. Library of Congress, For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan (visited Aug. 29, 1999) <http://rs7.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/>.
5. Neoclassical Economics (last modified Sep.29, 1998) <http://william-king.www.drexel.edu:80/economics/mccain/txt/Neoch/Eco111s1.html>. Steve Schoenherr, Cold War Policies 1945-1991

Part 1-IV: The 1960s and the 1970s: The World Bank Attacks Poverty: Developing Countries Attack the IMF

Critiques of the BWIs

1. Bretton Woods Revisited: Evaluations of the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (A.L. Keith Acheson et al. eds., 1972).
2. Michael Chossudovsky, The Globalisation of Poverty: Impact of IMF and World Bank Reform (1997).
3. Alejandro Foxley, Stabilization Policies and Their Effects on Employment and Income Distribution: A Latin American Perspective, in Economic Stabilization in Developing Countries 191 (William R. Cline & Sidney Weintraub eds., 1981).
4. Andre Gunder Frank, Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution; Essays on the Development of Underdevelopment and the Immediate Enemy (1970).
5. Celso Furtado, Obstacles to Development in Latin America (Charles Ekker trans., 1970).
6. The Poverty Brokers: The IMF and Latin America (Martin Honeywell ed., 1983).
7. The IMF and Ghana: The Confidential Record 61 (Eboe Hutchful ed., 1987).

NIEO

Books

1. Mohammed Bedjaoui, Towards a New International Economic Order (1979).
2. Latin America and the New International Economic Order (Ricardo Ffrench-Davis & Ernesto Tironi eds., 1982).
3. Ervin Laszlo et al., The Objectives of the New International Economic Order (1978).

Articles, Documents & Reports

1. Econ. Comm'n for Latin Am., United Nations, International Development Strategy and Establishment of a New International Economic Order: Third Regional Appraisal, Guatemala (1977).
2. Mahbub ul Haq, Negotiating a New Bargain with Rich Countries, in From Dependency to Development: Strategies to Overcome Underdevelopment and Inequality 117 (Heraldo Muñoz ed., 1981).
3. Robert S. Jordan, Why a NIEO? The View from the Third World, in The Emerging International Economic Order (Harold K. Jacobsen & Dusan Sidjanski eds., 1982).
4. Jan Tinbergen, The Need for an Ambitious Innovation of the World Order, in From Dependency to Development: Strategies to Overcome Underdevelopment and Inequality 161 (Heraldo Muñoz ed., 1981).
5. United Nations, Declaration of the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, G.A. Res. 3201 (S-VI), 6 (Special) U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 1) 3, U.N. Doc. A/9556 (May 1, 1974).

Poverty

Books

1. Casual Work and Poverty in Third World Cities (Ray Bromley & Chris Gerry eds., 1979).
2. David Colman & Frederick Nixson, Economics of Change in Less Developed Countries (2d ed. 1986).
3. 1-2 Adjustment with a Human Face, (Giovanni Andrea Cornia et al. eds., 1987-1988).
4. Lionel Demery & Tony Addison, The Alleviation of Poverty Under Structural Adjustment (1987).
5. 1-3 The Political Economy of Hunger, (Jean Dreze & Amartya Sen eds., 1990-1991).
6. Mahbub ul Haq & Shahid Javed Burki, Meeting Basic Needs: An Overview (1980).
7. Masses in Latin America (Irving Louis Horowitz ed., 1970).
8. Bettina S. Hurni, The Lending Policy of the World Bank in the 1970s: Analysis and Evaluation (1980).
9. John L. Maddux, The Development Philosophy of Robert S. McNamara (1981).
10. Race and Class in Latin America (Magnus Morner ed., 1970). 1 Paul Mosley et al., Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-Based Lending*Analysis and Policy Proposals (1991).
11. Robert Warner Oliver, International Economic Co-operation and the World Bank (1974).
12. Hans W. Singer & Javed A. Ansari, Rich and Poor Countries (1977).
13. Barend A. de Vries, Remaking the World Bank (1987). Development Policy and Public Action (Marc Wuyts et al. eds., 1992).

Articles, Reports & Papers

1. William Ascher, New Development Approaches and the Adaptability of International Agencies: The Case of the World Bank, 37 Int'l Org. 415 (1983).
2. Werner Baer & William Maloney, Neoliberalism and Income Distribution in Latin America, 25 World Dev. 311 (1997).
3. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Towards Another Development, in From Dependency to Development: Strategies to Overcome Underdevelopment and Inequality 295 (Heraldo Muñoz ed., 1981).
4. William Clark, Robert McNamara at the World Bank, 60 Foreign Aff. 167 (1981).
5. Enrique R. Carrasco, Critical Issues Facing the Bretton Woods System: Can the IMF, World Bank, & GATT/WTO Promote an Enabling Environment for Social Development, 6 Transnat'l. L. & Contemp. Probs. i (1996).
6. Enrique R. Carrasco, Law, Hierarchy and Vulnerable Groups in Latin American: Towards a Communal Model of Development in a Neoliberal World, 30 Stan. J. Int'l L. 238 (1994).
7. Hans G. Petersman, The Operations of the World Bank and the Evolution of its Institutional Functions Since Bretton Woods (1944-84), 26 German Y.B. Int'l L. 7 (1983).
8. Helen Ribe et al., How Adjustment Programs Can Help the Poor: The World Bank's Experience (World Bank Discussion Papers No. 71, 1990).
9. World Bank, Focus on Poverty: A Report by a Task Force of the World Bank (rev. ed., 1983).

Part 1-V: The 1980s: The Debt Crisis & The Lost Decade

Debt & Crisis

Books

1. International Indebtedness: Contributions Presented to the Workshop on Economics of the Munster Congress on Latin America and Europe in Dialogue (Manfred Borchert & Rolf Schinke eds., 1987).
2. Sue Branford & Bernardo Kucinski, The Debt Squads (1988).
3. Lost Promises: Debt, Austerity, and Development in Latin America (William L. Canak ed., 1989).
4. World Debt Crisis: International Lending on Trial (Michael P. Claudon ed., 1986).
5. William R. Cline, International Debt: Systemic Risk and Policy Response (1984).
6. Tim Congdon, The Debt Threat: The Dangers of High Real Interest Rates for the World Economy (1988).
7. Pierre Dhonte, Clockwork Debt: Trade and the External Debt of Developing Countries (1979).
8. K. Burke Dillon et al., Recent Developments in External Debt Restructuring (1985).
9. James Dinsmoor, Brazil*Responses to the Debt Crisis: Impact on Savings, Investment, and Growth (1990).
10. Rudiger Dornbusch, Dollars, Debts, and Deficits (1986).
11. Rudiger Dornbusch, et al., Alternative Solutions to Developing-Country Debt Problems (1989).
12. Latin America and the World Recession (Esperanza Duran ed., 1985).
13. Barry Eichengreen, The International Debt Crisis In Historical Perspective (Barry Eichengreen & Peter H. Lindert eds., 1989).
14. Barry Eichengreen & Richard Portes, Dealing with Debt: The 1930s and the 1980s (1989).
15. Development and External Debt in Latin America: Bases for a New Consensus (Richard E. Feinberg & Ricardo Ffrench-Davis eds., 1988).
16. Managing World Debt (Stephany Griffith-Jones ed., St. Martin's Press 1988).
17. Robert Grosse, Private Sector Solutions to the Latin American Debt Problem (1992).
18. External Debt and Development Strategy in Latin America (Antonio Jorge et al. eds., 1985).
19. Foreign Debt and Latin American Economic Development (Antonio Jorge et al. eds., 1983).
20. Debt and Development in Latin America (Kwan S. Kim & David F. Ruccio eds., 1985).
21. Peter Korner et al., The IMF and the Debt Crisis (1984).
22. David Knox, Latin American Debt Facing Facts (1990).
23. Joseph Kraft, The Mexican Rescue (1984).
24. Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski, Latin American Debt (1988).
25. Felipe Larraín & Andrés Velasco, Can Swaps Solve the Debt Crisis? Lessons From the Chilean Experience (1990).
26. Harold Lever & Christopher Huhne, Debt and Danger: The World Financial Crisis (1985).
27. George Macesich, World Debt and Stability (1991).
28. Angus Maddison, Two Crises: Latin America and Asia 1929-38 and 1973-83 (1985).
29. Latin America's Debt Crisis: Adjusting to the Past or Planning for the Future? (Robert A. Pastor ed., 1987).
30. Roland Plan, External Debt Rescheduling (1985).
31. Jackie Roddick, The Dance of the Millions: Latin America and the Debt Crisis (1988).
32. F. Luis Rubio & Francisco Gil-Diaz, A Mexican Response (1987).
33. Anthony Sampson, The Money Lenders: Bankers and a World in Turmoil (1981).
34. Jacobo Schatan, World Debt: Who is to Pay? (1987).
35. International Debt and the Developing Countries (Gordon W. Smith & John T. Cuddington eds., 1985).
36. Alfred J. Watkins, Till Debt Do Us Part: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Who Pays for the International Debt Crisis (1986).
37. Coping With the Latin American Debt (Robert Wesson ed., 1988).
38. Politics and Economics of External Debt Crisis: The Latin American Experience (Miguel S. Wionczek ed., 1985).

Articles

1. C. Fred Bergsten, Third World Debt and Burden Sharing: Mobilizing the International Financial Institutions, in America in the World Economy: A Strategy For The 1990s 157 (1988).
2. Eliana A. Cardoso & Santiago Levy, Mexico, in The Open Economy 348 (Rudiger Dornbusch & F. Leslie C.H. Helmers eds., 1988).
3. Jonathan C. Carlson, A Missing Link in the International Debt Strategy: Trade Policy Reform in Industrial Nations, 32 Howard L.J. 771 (1990).
4. Enrique R. Carrasco, Chile, Its Foreign Commercial Bank Creditors and Its Vulnerable Groups: An Assessment of the Cooperative Case-By-Case Approach to the Debt Crisis, 24 Geo. L. & Pol'y Int'l Bus. 273 (1993).
5. Sebastian Edwards, The Latin American Debt Crisis, in The World Bank, the Evolving Role of the World Bank: Helping Meet the Challenge of Development 97 (K. Sarwar Lateef ed., 2d prtg. 1996).
6. Mario Feldman, Debt Internationalization and Other Propositions on External Debts, in International Law and Development 255 (Paul de Waart et al. eds., 1988).
7. Mexico Leads the Way, Int'l Fin. L. Rev., June 1988, at 25. Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, Debt-Equity Swaps in Chile, Cambridge J. Econ. (1990).
8. Alfred Mudge, Sovereign Debt Restructure: A Perspective of Counsel to Agent Banks, Bank Advisory Groups and Servicing Banks 25 Col. J. of Transnat'l L. 59 (1984).
9. Juan C. de Pable et al., The Three Major Debtors, in Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? (John Williamson ed., 1990).
10. Jeffrey D. Sachs, Conditionality, Debt Relief, and the Developing Country Debt Crisis, in 1 Developing Country Debt and Economics Performance: The International Finance System 255 (Jeffrey D. Sachs ed. 1989).
11. Sweder van Wijnbergen, The Mexican Debt Deal, 2 Econ. Pol'y 14 (1991).
12. Mary L. Williamson, Chile's Debt Conversion Program: Its Promises and Limitations, 27 Stan. J. Int'l L. 437 (1991).
13. Fernando A. Vázquez Pando, The Mexican Debt Crisis in Perspective: Faulty Legal Structures and Aftershocks, 23 Tex. Int'l L.J. 171 (1988).

Papers, Reports & Proceedings

1. Benjamin J. Cohen, Developing-Country Debt: A Middle Way, Essays in International Finance, no. 173 (1989).
2. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, External Debt in Latin America (1985).
3. Sydney Dell, The Bretton Woods Institutions and the Debt Crisis, in Future of International Monetary, Financial and Trade Cooperation For Development: Proceedings: World Scientific Banking Meeting 247 (Dragoslav Avramovic & Negroslav Ostojic eds., 3d ed. 1991).
4. John Williamson, Institute for International Economics, Policy Analyses in International Economics, Voluntary Approaches to Debt Relief, Sept. 25, 1988.

Debt, Adjustment, & Reform

Books

1. Richard C. Barth et al., Int'l Monetary Fund Inst., Coordinating Stabilization and Structural Reform (1994).
2. International Borrowing: Negotiating and Structuring International Debt Transactions (Daniel D. Bradlow ed., 3d ed. 1994).
3. William R. Cline, The Baker Plan: Progress, Shortcomings, and Future (1989).
4. Sebastian Edwards & Alejandra C. Edwards, Monetarism and Liberalization: The Chilean Experiment (1987).
5. Louis Emmerij, A Critical Review of the World Bank's Approach to Social-Sector Lending and Poverty Alleviation in International Monetary and Financial Issues for the 1990s (1995).
6. Margaret Garritsen de Vries, Balance of Payments Adjustment, 1945 to 1986: The IMF Experience (1987).
7. Stephany Griffith-Jones & Osvaldo Sunkel, Debt and Development Crisis in Latin America: The End of an Illusion (1986).
8. Dominique Hachette & Rolf Luders, Privatization in Chile: An Economic Appraisal (1993).
9. The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Contstraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State (Stephan Haggard & Robert R. Kaufman eds., 1992).
10. Ross Hammond & Lisa A. McGowan, The Other Side of The Story: The Real Impact of World Bank and IMF Structural Adjustment Programs (1993).
11. Neelambar Hatti, 12 Adjustment and Liberalization in the Third World (Hans Wolfgang Singer & Rameshwar Tandon eds., New World Order Series 1991).
12. Institute of International Finance, Inc., Improving the Official Debt Strategy: Arrears are Not the Way (1990).
13. Alain de Janvry et al., Adjustment and Equity in Ecuador (1991).
14. Mohsin S. Khan, Evaluating the Effects of IMF-Supported Adjustment Programmes: A Survey in International Finance and the Less Developed Countries (Kate Phylaktis & Mahmood Pradhan eds., 1990).
15. Robert R. Kaufman, The Politics of Debt in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico (1988).
16. Patricio Meller, Adjustment and Equity in Chile (1992).
17. Marcilio Marques Moreira, The Brazilian Quandary (1986).
18. Joan M. Nelson et al., Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustments (1989).
19. Structural Adjustment: Retrospect and Prospect (Daniel Schydlowsky ed., 1995).
20. The Rocky Road to Reform: Adjustment, Income Distribution and Growth in the Developing World (Lance Taylor ed., 1993)
21. Latin American Debt and the Adjustment Crisis (Rosemary Thorp & Laurence Whitehead eds., 1987).
22. World Bank, Adjustment Lending Revisited: Policies to Restore Growth (Vittorio Corbo et al. eds., 1992).

Anthologies

1. Montek S. Ahluwalia & Frank J. Lysy, Employment, Income Distribution, and Programs to Remedy Balance-of-Payments Difficulties, in Economic Stabilization in Developing Countries 149 (William R. Cline & Sidney Weintraub eds., 1981).
2. Lee C. Buchheit, Documentation Issues and Alternative Techniques of Debt Restructuring, in Latin American Sovereign Debt Management 1 (Ralph Reisner et al. eds., 1990).
3. William R. Cline, Economic Stabilization in Peru, in Economic Stabilization in Developing Countries 297 (William R. Cline & Sidney Weintraub eds., 1981).
4. Alejandro Foxley, Stabilization Policies and Their Effects on Employment and Income Distribution: A Latin American Perspective, in Economic Stabilization in Developing Countries 191 (William R. Cline & Sidney Weintraub eds., 1981).
5. Stephan Haggard & Robert Kaufman,The Politics of Economic Stabilization and Structural Adjustment, in 1 Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance 209 (Jeffrey Sachs ed., 1989).
6. Jane Harrigan & Paul Mosley, Evaluating the Impact of World Bank Structural Adjustment lending: 1980-87, in Developing Countries and the International Economy: Issues in Trade, Adjustment and Debt 63 (H. David Evans & David Greenaway eds., 1991).
7. Miles Kahler, External Influence, Conditionality, and the Politics of Adjustment, in The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State 89 (Stephan Haggard & Robert Kaufman eds., 1992).
8. Patricio Meller, Chile, in Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? 54 (John Williamson ed., 1990).
9. Bahram Nowzad, The Role of the IMF in Rescheduling International Debt, in Default and Rescheduling: Corporate and Sovereign Borrowers 131 (David Suratgar ed., 1984).
10. Stanley Please, The World Bank: Lending for Structural Adjustment, in International Borrowing 37 (Daniel D. Bradlow ed., 2d ed., 1986).

Law Reviews

1. Enrique R. Carrasco, Autocratic Transitions to Liberalism: A Comparison of Chilean and Russian Structural Adjustment, 5 Transnat'l. L. & Contemp. Probs. 99 (1995).
2. Alfred J. Puchala, Jr., Securitizing Third World Debt, 1989 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 137.
3. Roberto Zahler, Recent Southern Cone Liberalization Reforms and Stabilization Policies: The Chilean Case, 25 J. Inter-Am. Stud. & World Aff. 509 (1993).

Periodicals

1. Bela Balassa, Adjustment Policies in Developing Countries: A Reassessment, 12 World Dev. 955 (1984).
2. Paul Glewwe & Gillette Hall, Unorthodox Adjustment and Poverty in Peru, Fin. & Dev., Dec. 1992, at 10.
3. Tony Killick & Moazzam Malik, Country Experiences with IMF Programmes in the 1980s 15 World Econ. 599 (1992).
4. Nora Lustig, The Mexican Debt Deal: No Margin for Error, The Int'l Econ. April/May 1990, at 80.
5. Patricio Meller, Adjustment and Social Costs in Chile During the 1980s, 19 World Dev. 1545 (1991).
6. Jeffrey Sachs, Making the Brady Plan Work, Foreign Aff., Summer 1989, at 87.
7. Lawrence H. Summers & Lant H. Pritchett, The Structural-Adjustment Debate, 83 Am. Econ. Rev. 383 (1993).
8. Richard S. Weinert, Swapping Third World Debt, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1986-87, at 85.
9. The Background to Brady's Initiative, Int'l Fin. L. Rev., Apr. 1990. Brady Plan Progress Report, The Int'l Econ. Apr./May 1990, at 78. Papers, Reports, Proceedings & Surveys
10. Francois Bourguignon & Christian Morrisson, Adjustment and Equity in Developing Countries (Development Centre Technical Paper No. 1, 1992).
11. Philippe Callier, Debt Relief and Adjustment Incentives in a Financially Open Economy, 36 IMF Staff Papers (1989).
12. Sharmini Coorey, Financial Liberalization and Reform in Mexico, in Mexico: The Strategy to Achieve Sustained Economic Growth 27 (Claudio Loser & Eliot Kalter eds., Int'l Monetary Fund Occasional Paper No. 99, 1992).
13. Mohamed A. El-Erian, Mexico's External Debt Policies, 1982-90, in Mexico: The Strategy to Achieve Sustained Economic Growth 49 (Claudio Loser & Eliot Kalter eds., Int'l Monetary Fund Occasional Paper No. 99, 1992).
14. Edward J. Frydl & Dorothy M. Sobol, Prospectus for LDC Debt Management: Debt Reduction Versus Debt Forgiveness (Federal Reserv Bank of New York Research Paper No. 8826, Dec. 1988).
15. International Monetary Fund, Recent Multilateral Debt Restructurings with Official and Bank Creditors (Int'l Monetary Fund Occasional Paper No. 25, 1983).
16. Nanak Kakwani et al., Structural Adjustment and Living Conditions in Developing Countries (World Bank Working Paper No. 467, 1990).
17. Paul Mosley, Conditionality As Bargaining Process: Structural-Adjustment Lending (Essays in International Finance No. 168, 1986).
18. Research Dep't, Int'l Monetary Fund, Theoretical Aspects of the Design of Fund-Supported Adjustment Programs: A Study by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund (1987).
19. Helena Ribe et al., How Adjustment Programs Can Help the Poor (World Bank Discussion Paper No. 71, 1990).
20. Latin America: Peace, Democratization & Economic Crisis (Jose Silva-Michelena ed., The United Nations Univ. Studies on Peace and Reg'l Sec., 1988).
21. Philippe Szymczak, International Trade and Investment Liberalization: Mexico's Experience and Prospects, in Mexico: The Strategy to Achieve Sustained Economic Growth 37 (Claudio Loser & Eliot Kalter eds., Int'l Monetary Fund Occasional Paper No. 99, 1992).
22. Working Group on External Debt Statistics, External Debt: Definition, Statistical Coverage and Methodology (1988).
23. Elaine Zuckerman, Adjustment Programs and Social Welfare (World Bank Discussion Papers No. 44, 1989).

Debt & Development Issues

Books

1. Latin American and Caribbean Development: Obstacles, Requirements, and Options (1987).
2. Jacques J. Polak, Financial Policies and Development (1989).
3. World Trade: Monetary Order and Latin America (Paolo Savona & George Sutija eds., 1990).
4. R.M. Sundrum, Income Distribution in Less Developed Countries (1990).
5. Rekindling Development: Multinational Firms and World Debt (Lee A. Tavis ed., 1988).

Articles

1. Irma Adelman & Sherman Robinson, Income Distribution and Development, in 2 Handbook of Development 949 (Hollis Chenery & T.N. Srinivasan eds., 1989).
2. Nora Lustig, Equity and Growth in Mexico, in Towards a New Development Strategy for Latin America: Pathways from Hirschman's Thought 219 (Simon Teitel ed., 1992).
3. Pedro Malan & Regis Bonelli, The Success of Growth Policies in Brazil, in Towards a New Development Strategy for Latin America 47(Simón Teitel ed., 1992).
4. George Psacharopoulos et al., Poverty and Income Inequality in Latin America During the 1980s, 41 Rev. of Income & Wealth 245 (1995).
5. Marcelo Selowsky & Herman G. van der Tak, The Debt Problem and Growth, 14 World Dev. 1107 (1986).
6. Ernest Stern, Prospects of Development Financing in the 1980s, 32 Am. Univ. L. Rev. 145 (182).

Part Two: Citizens, National Governments, and International Financial Institutions: Changing Conceptions of Development in the 1990s

Part 2-I: Development in the 1990s

Development

Books

1. Peter L. Berger & Richard John Neuhaus, To Empower People: The Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy (3d prtg. 1979).
   1-3 The Political Economy of Hunger (Jean Dreze & Amartya Sen eds., 1990).
2. Images and Realities of Rural Life: Wageningen Perspectives on Rural Transformations (Henk de Haan & Norman Long eds., 1997).
   Stephan Haggard, Developing Nations and the Politics of Global Integration (1995).
3. Ankie M. M. Hoogvelt, Globalization and the Postcolonial World : The New Political Economy of Development (1997).
4. David H. Lempert et al., A Model Development Plan: New Strategies and Perspectives (1995).
5. Globalization and the Rural Poor in Latin America (William M. Loker ed., 1999).
6. Bruce Rich, Mortgaging The Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment and the Crisis of Development (1994).
   The Legacy of the Disinherited: Popular Culture in Latin America: Modernity, Globalization, Hybridity and Authenticity (Ton Salman ed., 1996).
7. Fiscal Policy in Open Developing Economies (Vito Tanzi ed., 1990).
   World Bank, Getting Results: The World Bank's Agenda for Improving Development Effectiveness (1993).
8. World Bank, Poverty Reduction and the World Bank: Progress and Challenges in the 1990s (1996).

Articles

1. James Bovard, The World Bank and the Impoverishment of Nations, in Perpetuating Poverty: The World Bank, the IMF, and the Developing World 59 (Doug Bandow & Ian Vásquez eds., 1994).
2. Enrique R. Carrasco, Critical Issues Facing the Bretton Woods System: Can the IMF, the World Bank and the GATT/WTO Promote an Enabling Environment for Social Development?, 6 Transnat'l. L. & Contemp. Probs. i (1996).
3. Enrique R. Carrasco & M. Ayhan Kose, Income Distribution and the Bretton Woods Institutions: Promoting an Enabling Environment for Social Development, 6 Transnat'l. L. & Contemp. Probs. 34 (1996).
   Duncan Green, Latin America: Neoliberal Failure and the Search for Alternatives, 17 Third World Q. 109 (1996).
4. Michael H.K. Irwin, Banking on Poverty: An Insider's Look at the World Bank, in 50 Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 152 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).
5. Nuket Kardam, Development Approaches and The Role of Policy Advocacy: The Case of The World Bank, 21 World Development 1773 (1993).
6. Gerald Nordquist et. al., Introduction to the Symposium: Economic, Legal and Political Dilemmas of Privatization in Russia, 5 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. i (1995).
7. Roberts Paarlberg & Michael Lipton, Changing Missions at the World Bank, 8 World Policy J. 475 (1991).
8. James D. Wolfensohn, Rethinking Development-Principles, Approaches, and Projects, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998 59 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).

Documents

1. Secretary General, U.N. Preparatory Committee for the World Summit for Social Development, Expert Meeting on the Expansion of Productive Employment, 1st Sess., Agenda Item 4, at 3, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.166/PC/9, 1993.
2. Secretary-General, U.N. Preparatory Committee for the World Summit for Social Development, Expert Meeting on Poverty, 2d Sess., Agenda Item 4, at 4-5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.166/PC/17, 1994.
3. Secretary-General, U.N. Preparatory Committee for the World Summit for Social Development, World Summit for Social Development: An Overview, 1st Sess., Agenda Item 4, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.166/PC/6, 1994.
4. United Nations, Copenhagen Declaration on Social Summit in Report of the U.N. World Summit for Social Development, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.166/9, 1995.

Papers, Pamphlets, Brochures & Reports

1. Aubrey C. Williams, Participatory Development And The World Bank: Potential Directions For Change, Discussion Paper No. 183 (Bhuvan Bhatnagar, ed. 1992).
2. World Bank, Governance and Development, World Bank Pamphlet No. 61, vii (1992).
3. World Bank, Poverty: World Development Report 1990 (1990).

Law & Development

Books

1. Garcia Amador, The Emerging Law of International Development (1990).
2. François Bourguignon & Christian Morrisson, Adjustment and Equity in Developing Countries: A New Approach (1992).
3. Law and Development (Anthony Carty ed., 1992).
4. The Right to Development in International Law (Subrata Roy Chowdhury et al. eds., 1992).
5. James Gardner, Legal Imperialism (1980).
6. Kathryn Hendley, Trying to Make Law Matter: Legal Reform and Labor Law in the Soviet Union (1996).
7. Justice Delayed: Judicial Reform in Latin America (Edmundo Jarquin & Fernando Carrillo eds., 1998).
8. Martti Koskenniemi, From Aplogy to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument (1989).
9. Rumu Sarkar, Development Law and International Finance (International Economic Development Law Series No. 10, 1999).
10. Ann Seidman & Robert B. Seidman, State and Law in the Development Process: Problem-Solving and Institutional Change in the Third World (1994).
11. Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Judiciary (Irwin P. Stotsky ed., 1993).
12. Frank E. Vogel & Samuel L. Hayes III, Islamic Law and Finance: Religion, Risk, and Return (1998).
13. Max Weber, Economy & Society (Guenther Roth & Claus Wittich eds., 1978).
14. International Law and Development (Paul de Waart, et al. eds., 1988).

Anthologies

1. Albert O. Hirschman, The Case Against "One Thing at a Time," in Towards a New Development Strategy for Latin America: Pathways for Hirschman's Thought 13 (Simón Teitel ed., 1992).
2. John C. Reitz, Progress in Building Institutions for the Rule of Law, in Democratic Theory and Post-Communist Change (Robert Grey ed., 1997).
3. Robert Seidman, Law and Development: A General Model, in Law & Society (1972).
4. John Sheahan, Development Dichotomies and Economic Strategy, in Towards a New Development Strategy for Latin America: Pathways for Hirschman's Thought 21 (Simón Teitel ed., 1992).
5. Douglas Webb, Legal System Reform and Private Sector Development in Developing Countries, in Economic Development, Foreign Investment and the Law 45 (Robert Pritchard ed., 1996).

Periodicals

1. Jose E. Alvarez, Promoting the "Rule of Law" in Latin America: Problems and Prospects, 25 Geo. Wash. J. Int'l L. & Econ. 281 (1992).
   Nathaniel Berman, Between Alliance and Localization: Nationalism and the New Ocsillationism, 26 Int'l Law & Pol'y 449 (1994).
2. Nathaniel Berman, But the Alternative Is Despair: European Nationalism and the Modernist Renewal of International Law, 106 Harv. L. Rev. 1792 (1993).
3. Nathaniel Berman, Modernism, Nationalism and the Rhetoric of Reconstruction, 4 Yale J.L. & Human. 351 (1992).
4. Nathaniel Berman, A Perilous Ambivalence:Nationalist Desire, Legal Autonomy and the Limits of the Interwar Framework, 33 Harv. Int'l L.J. 353 (1992).
5. Maria Dakolias, A Strategy for Judicial Reform: The Experience in Latin America, 36 Va. J. Int'l L. 167 (1995).
6. Richard T. Ford, The Boundaries of Race: Political Geography in Legal Analysis, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 1843 (1996).
7. David Kennedy, New Approaches to Comparative Law: Comparativism and International Governance, 2 Utah L. Rev. 545 (1997).
8. John Henry Merryman, Comparative Law and Social Change: On the Origins, Style, Decline and Revival of the Law and Development Movement, 25 Am. J. Comp. L. 457 (1977).
9. James C.N. Paul, The United Nations and the Creation of an International Law of Development, 36 Harv. Int'l L.J. 307 (1995).
10. Annelise Riles, Representing In-between: Law, Anthropology and the Rhetoric of Interdisciplinarity, 3 U. Ill. L. Rev. 597 (1994).
11. Keith S. Rosenn, The Protection of Judicial Independence in Latin America, 19 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 1 (1987).
12. David M. Trubek, Toward a Social Theory of Law: An Essay of the Study of Law and Development, 82 Yale L.J. 1 (1972).
13. David M. Trubek & Marc Galanter, Scholars in Self-Estrangement: Some Reflections on the Crisis in Law and Development Studies in the United States, 1974 Wis. L. Rev. 1062.
14. Anthony M. Vernava, Latin American Finance: A Financial, Economic and Legal Synopsis of Debt Swaps, Privitizations, Foreign Direct Investment Law Revisions and International Securities Issues, 15 Wis. Int'l L.J. 89 (1997).

Papers & Documents

1. Edgardo Buscaglia & Maria Dakolia, Judicial Reforms in Latin American Courts, World Bank Technical Paper No. 350, 1996.
2. Edgardo Buscaglia & Maria Dakolia, Judicial Reforms in Latin America: Economic Efficiency vs. Institutional Inertia, School of Business Administration, (Georgetown University Working Paper Econ-2377-06-495, 1995).
3. Maria Dakolias, The Judicial Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean: Elements of Reform, World Bank Technical Paper No. 319 (1996).
4. Inter-American Juridical Committee, Organization of American States, Improving the Administration of Justice in Americas, CJI/SO/II/doc.42/94 rev. 1 1994.
5. Judicial Reform in Latin America and the Caribbean: Proceedings of a World Bank Conference, (World Bank Technical Paper No. 280, 1995, Malcolm Rowat, et al., eds.).

Strategic Compact

1. World Bank, The Strategic Compact: A Summary Note (Oct. 7, 1998) <http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/backgrd/ibrd/comsum.htm>.
2. World Bank, Renewal at the World Bank: Working Better for a Better World (1997) also found at <http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/backgrd/ibrd/
   comsum.htm> (click on "1997 Renewal Brochure").
3. World Bank, Renewal at the World Bank: One-Year Progress Report (World Bank Press Backgrounder, Sep. 28, 1998) found at: <http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/backgrd/ibrd/comsum.htm> (click on "One Year Progress Report").

Part 2-II: 50th Anniversary of the World Bank & The IMF Prompts Criticisms

Poverty & Human Rights

1. James Bovard, The World Bank and the Impoverishment of Nations, in Perpetuating Poverty: the World Bank, the IMF, and the Developing World 59 (Doug Bandow & Ian Vásquez eds., 1994).
2. Daniel D. Bradlow, The World Bank, the IMF and Human Rights, 6 Transnat'l. L. & Contemp. Probs. 47 (1996).
3. Davison Budhoo, IMF/World Bank Wreak Havoc on Third World, in 50 Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 20 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).
4. Marc Cogen, Human Rights, Prohibition of Political Activities and the Lending-Policies of World Bank and International Monetary Fund, in The Right to Development in International Law 379 (Subrata Roy Chowdhury et al. eds., 1992).
5. 1-3 The Political Economy of Hunger (Jean Dreze & Amartya Sen eds., 1990 -1991).
6. Michael H.K. Irwin, Banking on Poverty: An Insider's Look at the World Bank, in 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 152 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).
7. Inge Khoury, The World Bank and the Feminization of Poverty, in 50 Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 121 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).
8. Survival International, World Bank and Tribal Peoples, in 50 Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 112 (Kevin Danaher, ed., 1994).
9. Roland Vaubel, The Political Economy of the IMF: A Public Choice Analysis, in Perpetuating Poverty: The World Bank, the IMF, and the Developing World 37 (Doug Bandow & Ian Vásquez eds., 1994).

Structural Adjustment

1. Marcos Arruda, A Creative Approach to Structural Adjustment: Towards a People-Centered Development, in Beyond Bretton Woods: Alternatives to the Global Economic Order 132 (John Cavanagh et al. eds., 1994).
2. Ross Hammond & Lisa A. McGowan, The Other Side of the Story: The Real Impact of World Bank and IMF Structural Adjustment Programs (1993).
3. Jane Harrigan & Paul Mosley, Evaluating the Impact of World Bank Structural Adjustment Lending: 1980-87, in Developing Countries and the International Economy: Issues in Trade, Adjustment and Debt 63 (H. David Evans & David Greenaway eds., 1991).
4. Miles Kahler, External Influence, Conditionality, and the Politics of Adjustment, in The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State 89 (Stephan Haggard & Robert Kaufman eds., 1992).
5. Ved P. Nanda, World Debt and the Human Condition: Structural Adjustments and the Right to Development (1993).
6. Structural Adjustment: Retrospect and Prospect (Daniel Schydlowsky ed., 1995).

Part 2-III: The IMF & the World Bank Respond to Criticisms

BWIs

1. Robert S. Browne, Alternatives to the International Monetary Fund, in Beyond Bretton Woods: Alternatives to the Global Economic Order 57 (John Cavanagh et al. eds., 1994).
2. James Burnham, Understanding the World Bank: A Dispassionate Analysis, in Perpetuating Poverty: The World Bank, the IMF, and the Developing World 75 (Doug Bandow & Ian Vásquez eds., 1994).
3. Kevin Danaher, Introduction and Conclusion, in Fifty Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 1, 186 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).
4. Barry Eichengreen, A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform (1993).
5. Halifax Initiative, The World Bank: Banking on Disaster? (last modified Jan. 28, 1999) <http://www.sierraclub.ca/national/halifax/Issues_info/banking_on_
   disaster.htm>.
6. The Bretton Woods-Gatt System: Retrospect and Prospect After Fifty Years (Orin Kirshner ed., 1996).
7. Bruce Rich, World Bank/IMF Fifty Years is Enough, in Fifty Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 6 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).

BWIs & the Environment

1. Daniel D. Bradlow, The IMF: A Record of Addiction and Failure in Perpetuating Poverty: The World Bank, the IMF, and the Developing World 37 (Doug Bandow & Ian Vásquez eds., 1994).
2. Friends of the Earth, Financing Ecological Destruction: The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (1988).
3. Patience Idemudia & Kole Shettima, The World Bank Takes Control of UNCED Environmental Fund, in Fifty Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 107 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).
4. Carole Klein-Chesivoir, Avoiding Environmental Injury: The Case for Widespread Use of Environmental Impact Assessments in International Development Projects, 30 Va. J. Int'l L. 517 (1990).
5. Zygmut J.B. Plater, Damming the Third World: Multilateral Development Banks, Environmental Diseconomies, and International Reform Pressures on the Lending Process, 17 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 121 (1988).
6. Bruce Rich, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment and the Crisis of Development (1994).
7. Bruce Rich, The Emperor's New Clothes: The World Bank and Environmental Reform, 7 World Pol'y J. 305 (1990).
8. Vandana Shiva, International Institutions Practicing Environmental Double Standard, in 50 Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 102 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).
9. Lance Taylor, The World Bank and the Environment: The World Development Report 1992, 21 World Dev. 869 (1993).

Poverty & Human Rights

1. James Bovard, The World Bank and the Impoverishment of Nations, in Perpetuating Poverty: the World Bank, the IMF, and the Developing World 59 (Doug Bandow & Ian Vásquez eds., 1994).
2. Daniel D. Bradlow, The World Bank, the IMF and Human Rights, 6 Transnat'l. L. & Contemp. Probs. 47 (1996).
3. Davison Budhoo, IMF/World Bank Wreak Havoc on Third World, in 50 Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 20 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).
4. Marc Cogen, Human Rights, Prohibition of Political Activities and the Lending-Policies of World Bank and International Monetary Fund, in The Right to Development in International Law 379 (Subrata Roy Chowdhury et al. eds., 1992).
5. 1-3 The Political Economy of Hunger (Jean Dreze & Amartya Sen eds., 1990 -1991).
6. Michael H.K. Irwin, Banking on Poverty: An Insider's Look at the World Bank, in 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 152 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).
7. Inge Khoury, The World Bank and the Feminization of Poverty, in 50 Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 121 (Kevin Danaher ed., 1994).
8. Survival International, World Bank and Tribal Peoples, in 50 Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 112 (Kevin Danaher, ed., 1994).
9. Roland Vaubel, The Political Economy of the IMF: A Public Choice Analysis, in Perpetuating Poverty: The World Bank, the IMF, and the Developing World 37 (Doug Bandow & Ian Vásquez eds., 1994).

Structural Adjustment

1. Marcos Arruda, A Creative Approach to Structural Adjustment: Towards a People-Centered Development, in Beyond Bretton Woods: Alternatives to the Global Economic Order 132 (John Cavanagh et al. eds., 1994).
2. Ross Hammond & Lisa A. McGowan, The Other Side of the Story: The Real Impact of World Bank and IMF Structural Adjustment Programs (1993).
3. Jane Harrigan & Paul Mosley, Evaluating the Impact of World Bank Structural Adjustment Lending: 1980-87, in Developing Countries and the International Economy: Issues in Trade, Adjustment and Debt 63 (H. David Evans & David Greenaway eds., 1991).
4. Miles Kahler, External Influence, Conditionality, and the Politics of Adjustment, in The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State 89 (Stephan Haggard & Robert Kaufman eds., 1992).
5. Ved P. Nanda, World Debt and the Human Condition: Structural Adjustments and the Right to Development (1993).
6. Structural Adjustment: Retrospect and Prospect (Daniel Schydlowsky ed., 1995).

Part 2-IV: Participatory Development and NGOs: A look at the World Bank

NGOs

Paper Resources

1. Steve Charnovitz, Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance, 18 Mich. J. Int'l L. 183 (1997).
2. Yolanda Kakabadse N. & Sarah Burns, Movers and Shapers: NGOs in International Affairs, World Resources Institute: International Perspectives on Sustainability (May 1994).
3. Khor Kok Peng, The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Developing Countries: The Experience of the Consumer's Association of Peng, Malaysia, 1987 Third World Legal Stud. at 45.
4. Riva Krut, Globalization and Civil Society: NGO Influence in International Decision-making (1997).
5. Michael Löwy, Sources and Resources of Zapatism, Monthly Review, Mar. 1998, at 1.
6. Jessica T. Matthews, The Rise of Global Civil Society, Foreign Aff., Jan. 1997, at 50.
7. Dinah Shelton, The Participation of Nongovernmental Organizations in International Judicial Proceedings, 88 Am. J. Int'l L. 611 (1994).
8. Peter J. Spiro, New Global Communities: Nongovernmental Organizations in International Decision-Making Institutions, 18 Wash. Q. 45 (1995).
9. Peter J. Spiro, The Decline of the Nation State and its Effect on Constitutional and International Economic Law: Nongovernmental Organizations and the "Underground" Marketplace, 18 Cardozo L. Rev. 957 (1996).
10. Peter J. Spiro, New Global Potentates: Nongovernmental Organizations and the "Unregulated" Marketplace, 18 Cardozo L. Rev. 957 (1996).
11. Dan Tarlock, Environmental Law: The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Development of International Environmental Law, 68 Chic.-Kent L. Rev. 61 (1992).

Websites

1. Africa Policy Information Center, African NGOs on World Bank IDA Financing (updated Dec. 6, 1997) <http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/30/022.html>.
2. James A. Paul, NGOs, Civil Society and Global Policy Making (Jun. 1996) <http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/analysis/analysis.htm>.
3. Association pour une Taxation des Transactions Financières pour l'Aide aux Citoyens (ATTAC) (updated July 8, 1999) <http://www.attac.org>.
4. Bread for the World (updated Jun. 30, 1999) <http://www.bread.org/>.
5. CARE (visited June 5, 1999) <http://www.care.org/>.
6. Children's Defense Fund (updated Jul. 16, 1999) <http://www.childrensdefense.org/>.
7. Development & Foreign Aid Archive (update Mar. 9, 1999) <http://www.users.interport.net/~mmaren/development.html>.
8. Foundation for Institutionality and Justice, Inc. (updated Jan. 30, 1999) http://www.finjus.org.do/english/english.htm>.
9. Government Accountability Project (updated July 2,1999) <http://www.whistleblower.org/>.
10. HungerWeb (visited July 5,1999) <http://www.brown.edu/Departments/World_Hunger_Program/>.
11. Institute for Media, Policy and Civil Society (updated June 15, 1999) <http://www.impacs.bc.ca/>.
12. InterAction (updated July 15, 1999) <http://www.interaction.org/>.
13. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (updated July 15, 1999) http://www.ictsd.org/>.
14. La Jolla Institute (updated Jan. 24, 1999) <http://www.lajollainstitute.org/>.
15. One World Online (updated July 16, 1999) <http://www.oneworld.org/>.
16. Pact (updated June 4, 1999) <http://www.pactworld.org/>.
17. Public Citizen (last modified Aug. 24, 1999) <http://www.citizen.org/>.
18. Public Concern at Work (updated Feb. 14, 1999) <http://www.pcaw.demon.co.uk/main.html>.
19. Results (last modified June 8, 1999) <http://action.org/>.
20. Transparency International (last modified June 21, 1999) <http://www.transparency.de/>.
21. UNICEF (updated July 16, 1999) <http://www.unicef.org/>.
22. United Nations Development Fund for Women (updated July 7,1999) <http://www.unifem.undp.org/>.
23. World Hunger Year (updated June 27, 1999) <http://www.worldhungeryear.org/>.
24. World Neighbors (visited June 1, 1999) <http://www.wn.org/>.

Participation

1. David D. Bradlow, Social Justice and Development: Critical Issues Facing the Bretton Woods System: The World Bank, IMF and Human Rights, 6 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 47 (1996).
2. Samuel Paul, Community Participation In World Bank Projects, 24 Fin. & Dev. 20 (1987).
3. Md. Anisur Rahman, The Roles and Significance of Participatory Organizations of the Rural Poor in Alternative Strategies of Rural Development: Theory and Experience*An Overview, 1987 Third World Legal Stud. 1 (1987).
4. Kal Raustiala, The Participatory Revolution in International Environmental Law, 21 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 537 (1997).
5. Lawrence F. Selmen, Listen to The People: Participant-Observer Evaluation of Development Projects (1987).
6. Aubrey C. Williams, Participatory Development and the World Bank: Potential Directions for Change (Discussion Paper No. 183, Bhuvan Bhatnagar ed., 1992).
7. World Bank, The World Bank Participation Sourcebook (Sept. 20, 1996) <http://www.worldbank.org/html/edi/sourcebook/sbhome.htm>.
8. Development Policy and Public Action (Marc Wayts et al. eds., 1992).

World Bank & NGOs

Paper Resources

1. Seamus Cleary, The World Bank and NGOs, in "The Conscience of the World": The Influence of Non-governmental Organisations in the U.N. System (Peter Willetsed., 1996).
2. Paul J. Nelson, The World Bank and NGOs: The Limits of Apolitical Development (1995).
3. David Reed, The Global Environment Facility and Non-Governmental Organizations, 9 Am. U. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 191 (1993).
4. Ibrahim F.I. Shihata, 2 The World Bank in a Changing World: Selected Essays (1995).
5. Ibrahim F.I. Shihata, The World Bank and Non-Governmental Organizations, 25 Cornell Int'l L. J. 623 (1992).
6. World Bank, The World Bank's Partnership with Nongovernmental Organizations (1996).
7. World Bank, Cooperation Between the World Bank and NGOs: FY 1994 Progress Report (1995).
8. World Bank, Working with NGOs: A Practical Guide to Operational Collaboration Between the World Bank and Non-governmental Organizations (1995).

Websites

1. James A. Paul, The World Bank & NGOs (visited June 3, 1999) <http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/analysis/wrldbank.htm>.
2. The World Bank Group for Nongovernmental Organizations/Civil Society (last modified July 9,1999) <http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/forngos.htm>.
3. World Bank, Handbook on Good Practices for Laws Relating to NGOs (visited Apr. 9, 1999) <http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/kb.nsf/>
4. World Bank, Overview-NGO World Bank Collaboration (visited Apr. 9, 1999) <http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/kb.nsf/>
5. The World Bank Group, Questions and Answers about the World Bank, Fall 1998: Funding to NGOs, (last modified Oct. 9, 1998) <http://www.
   worldbank.org/html/extdr/faq/faqf98-40.htm>.
6. The World Bank Group, Questions and Answers about the World Bank: Non-governmental Organizations Fall 1998 (last modified Oct. 8, 1998) <http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/faq/faqf98-39.htm>.

World Bank Inspection Panel

1. Richard E. Bissell, Current Development: Recent Practice of the Inspection Panel of the World Bank, 91 Am. J. Int'l L. 741 (1997).
2. Daniel D. Bradlow & Sabine Schlemmer-Schulte, The World Bank's New Inspection Panel: A Constructive Step in the Transformation of the International Legal Order, 54 Zeitschrift Für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht Und Völkerrecht, Heidelberg J. Int'l L. 392 (1994)
3. Daniel D. Bradlow, International Organizations and Private Complainants: The Case of the World Bank Inspection Panel, 34 Va. J. Int'l L. 553 (1994)
4. David Hunter & Jay Udall, The World Bank's New Inspection Panel: Will it Increase the Bank's Accountability?, Center for International Environmental Law, Brief No. 1, (Apr. 1994).
5. Ibrahim F.I. Shihata, The World Bank Inspection Panel (1994)
6. The World Bank's Inspection Panel (last modified Aug. 20, 1999) <http://
   www.worldbank.org/html/ins-panel/>.
7. The World Bank Inspection Panel: The First Four Years 1994-1998 (Alvaro Quesada Umana ed., 1998).

Part 2-V: Good Governance & Transparency: Their Impact on Development 

Corruption

1. Michael A. Almond & Scott D. Syfet, Beyond Compliance: Corruption, Corporate Responsibility and Ethical Standards in the New Global Economy, 22 N.C. J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 389 (1997).
2. A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform (Michael D. Bordo & Barry Eichengreen eds., 1993).
3. Francis Fukuyama, Asian Values and the Asian Crisis, Commentary, Feb. 1, 1998, at 23.
4. Jennifer M. Hartman, Government By Thieves: Revealing the Monsters Behind the Kleptocratic Masks, 24 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 157 (1997).
5. Gary Hawes, Marcos, His cronies, and the Philippines' Failure to Develop, in Southeast Asian Capitalists 145 (Ruth McVey, ed. 1992).
6. Michael Johnston, What Can Be Done About Entrenched Corruption?, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1997, at 69 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1998).
7. Joongi Kim & Jong Bum Kim, Cultural Differences in the Assault Against International Bribery: Rice-Cake Expenses in Korea and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 6 Pac. Rim L. & Pol'y J. 549 (1997).
8. Agnieszka Klich, Bribery in Economies in Transition: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 32 Stan. J. Int'l L. 121 (1996).
9. Dilip Mookherjee, Incentive Reforms in Developing Country Bureaucracies: Lessons from Tax Administration, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1997, at 103 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1998).
10. Mark J. Murphy, International Bribery: An Example of an Unfair Trade Practice?, 21 Brook. J. Int'l L. 385 (1995).
11. Philip M. Nichols, Regulating Transnational Bribery in Times of Globalization and Fragmentation, 24 Yale J. Int'l L. 257 (1999).
12. Susan Rose-Ackerman, Corruption and Development, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1997, at 35 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1998).
13. Ibrahim F.I. Shihata, Corruption: A General Overview with an Emphasis on the Role of The World Bank, 15 Dick. J. Int'l L. 451 (1997).
14. Robert H. Sutton, Controlling Corruption Through Collective Means: Advocating the Inter-American Covenant Against Corruption, 20 Fordham Int'l L. J. 1427 (1997).
15. Stuart Marc Weiser, Dealing with Corruption: Effectiveness of Existing Regimes on Doing Business, 91 Am. Soc'y Int'l L. Proc. 99 (1997).
16. World Bank, Anti-Corruption Knowledge Resource Center (visited Aug. 28, 1999) <http://www.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt>.
17. Nancy Zucker Boswell, Combating Corruption: Focus On Latin America, 3 SW J. L. & Trade Am. 179 (1996).

Development

1. Claude Ake, Democracy and Development in Africa (1996).
2. Roland Axtmann, Liberal Democracy into the Twenty-first Century: Globalization, Integration and the Nation-state (1996).
3. Ross Cranston, Credit, Security and Debt Recovery: Law's Role in Reform in Asia and the Pacific, 39 St. Louis U. L. J. 759 (1995).
4. The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Contstraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State (Stephan Haggard & Robert R. Kaufman, eds., 1992).
5. Stephan Haggard & Robert Kaufman, The Politics of Economic Stabilization And Structural Adjustment, in 1 Developing Country Debt & Econ. Performance 209 (Jeffrey Sachs ed., 1989).
6. Ankie M. M. Hoogvelt, Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development (1997).
7. Miles Kahler, External Influence, Conditionality, And The Politics of Adjustment, in The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State 89 (Stephan Haggard & Robert Kaufman, eds., 1992).
8. Nuket Kardam, Development Approaches and The Role of Policy Advocacy: The Case of The World Bank, 21 World Dev. 1773 (1993).
9. Saskia Sassen, Losing control?: Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (1996). Towards a New Development Strategy for Latin America: Pathways from Hirschman's Thought (Simon Teitel ed., 1992).

Governance & Transparency

1. Asian Dev. Bank, Promoting Sound Development Management (May 1997).
2. Michel Camdessus, Transparency and Improved Standards are Key to Stable and Efficient Financial Systems, 28 IMF Surv. 177 (1999).
3. Whitney Debevoise, Key Procedural Issues: Transparency, 32 Int'l L. 817 (1998).
4. Kenneth M. Dye & Rick Stapenhurst, Pillars of Integrity: The Importance of Supreme Audit Institutions in Curbing Corruption, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, Working Paper No. 37133 (1998).
5. Andrew Herod et al., An Unruly World?: Globalization, Governance, and Geography (1998).
6. Int'l Monetary Fund, Code of Good Practice on Transparency in Monetary and Financial Policies: Declaration of Principles (visited Aug. 28, 1999) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/mae/mft/code/index.htm>.
7. State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa (Richard Joseph ed., 1999).
8. Carol Lancaster, Governance and Development: The Views from Washington, 24 IDS Bull. 9 (1993).
9. Mark Lewis et al., The Growth of Nations: Culture, Competitiveness, and the Problem of Globalization (1996).
10. Kidane Mengisteab, Globalization and Autocentricity in Africa's Development in the 21st Century (1996).
11. Globalization, Growth, and Governance: Creating an Innovative Economy (Jonathan Michie & John Grieve Smith eds., 1998).
12. Transparency Int'l (last modified Jun. 21, 1999) <http://www.transparency.de/>.
13. World Bank, Governance and Development (1992).
14. World Bank, Governance: The World Bank's Experience (1994).
15. World Bank Institute, Governance and Anti-Corruption (last modified Oct. 2, 1998) <http://www.worldbank.org/html/edi/gac/gac.htm>.

Part Three: Private Capital and Development: Challenges Facing International Financial Institutions in a Globalized World

Part 3-I: What Does Globalization Mean?

Books

1. Economic Globalization and Fiscal Policy (Iraj Abedian & Michael Biggs eds., 1998).
2. Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (3d prtg. 1997).
3. Barrie Axford, The Global System: Economics, Politics and Culture (1995).
4. Roland Axtmann, Liberal Democracy into the Twenty-first Century: Globalization, Integration and the Nation-State (1996).
5. Globalization, Communication and Transnational Civil Society (Sandra Braman & Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi eds., 1996).
6. Economic Integration in the Western Hemisphere (Roberto Bouzas & Jaime Ros eds., 1994).
7. John O. Browder and Brian J. Godfrey, Rainforest Cities: Urbanization, Development, and Globalization of the Brazilian Amazon (1997).
8. Globalization of Capital Markets (Dennis Campbell ed., 1996).
9. Ian Clark, Globalization and Fragmentation: International Relations in the Twentieth Century (1997).
10. Spaces of Globalization: Reasserting the Power of the Local (Kevin R. Cox ed., 1997).
11. Universities and Globalization: Critical Perspectives (Jan Currie & Janice Newson eds., 1998).
12. Articulating the Global and the Local: Globalization and Cultural Studies (Ann Cvetkovich & Douglas Kellner eds., 1997).
13. Thomas Donaldson, The Ethics of International Business (Ruffin Series in Business Ethics, 1989).
14. Governments, Globalization, and International Business (John H. Dunning ed., 1997).
15. Living the Global City: Globalization as a Local Process (John Eade ed., 1997). Daniel Judah Elazar, Constitutionalizing Globalization: The Postmodern Revival of Confederal Arrangements (1998).
16. Werner J. Feld, Multinational Corporations and U.N. Politics: The Quest for Codes of Conduct (1980).
17. Peter Golding & Phil Harris, Beyond Cultural Imperialism: Globalization, Communication and the New International Order (1997).
18. Gloria M. Grandolini, El Salvador: Meeting the Challenge of Globalization (1996).
19. Ethno-Nationalism, Multinational Corporations, and the Modern State (Ronald M. Grant & E. Spencer Wellhofer eds., 1979).
20. Stephany Griffith-Jones, The East Asian Financial Crisis: A Reflection on its Causes, Consequences and Policy Implications (1998).
21. Andrew Herod et al., An Unruly World?: Globalization, Governance, and Geography (1998).
22. Robert J. Holton, Globalization and the Nation-State (1998).
23. Ankie M. M. Hoogvelt, Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development (1997).
24. The Cultures of Globalization (Fredric Jameson & Masao Miyoshi eds., 1998).
25. Globalization and Decentralization: Institutional Contexts, Policy Issues, and Intergovernmental Relations in Japan and the United States (Jong S. Jun & Deil S. Wright eds., 1996).
26. The Challenge of Globalization and Institution Building: Lessons from Small European States (Randall W. Kindley & David F. Good eds., 1997).
27. Culture, Globalization, and the World-system: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity (Anthony D. King ed., 1997).
28. Globalization and Neoliberalism: The Caribbean Context (Thomas Klak ed., 1998).
29. Riva Krut, Globalization and Civil Society: NGO Influence in International Decision-making (1997).
30. Reconstructing Urban Regime Theory: Regulating Urban Politics in a Global Economy (Mickey Lauria ed., 1997).
31. Mark Lewis et al., The Growth of Nations: Culture, Competitiveness, and the Problem of Globalization (1996).
32. Globalization and the Rural Poor in Latin America (William M. Loker ed., 1999). Harry Magdoff, Globalization, to What End? (1992).
33. Priyatosh Maitra, The Globalization of Capitalism in Third World Countries (1996).
34. Niall Maiury, Markets & Globalization: Towards Framing Economic Action and the Space-Economy (1997).
35. Arjun Makhijani, From Global Capitalism to Economic Justice: An Inquiry into the Elimination of Systemic Poverty, Violence and Environmental Destruction in the World Economy (1992).
36. Michael J. Marquardt, The Global Advantage: How World-Class Organizations Improve Performance Through Globalization (1999).
37. Jan Mazurek, Making Microchips: Policy, Globalization, and Economic Restructuring in the Semiconductor Industry (1999).
38. Kidane Mengisteab, Globalization and Autocentricity in Africa's Development in the 21st Century (1996).
39. Globalization, Growth, and Governance: Creating an Innovative Economy (Jonathan Michie & John Grieve Smith eds., 1998).
40. Globalization: Critical Reflections (James H. Mittelman ed., 1996).
41. Gunnar Myrdal, An International Economy: Problems and Prospects (1956).
42. Globalization and the Evolving World Society (Proshanta K. Nandi & Shahid M. Shahidullah eds., 1998).
43. Globalization, Privatization and Free Market Economy (C.P. Rao ed., 1998).
44. Stephen H. Rhinesmith, A Manager's Guide to Globalization: Six Keys to Success in a Changing World (1993).
45. Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (1997).
46. The Legacy of the Disinherited: Popular Culture in Latin America: Modernity, Globalization, Hybridity and Authenticity (Ton Salman ed., 1996).
47. Saskia Sassen, Globalization and Its Discontents (1998).
48. Saskia Sassen, Losing Control?: Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (1996). Robert K. Schaeffer, Understanding Globalization: The Social Consequences of
49. Political, Economic, and Environmental Change (1997).
50. The Limits of Globalization: Cases and Arguments (Alan Scott ed., 1997).
51. John L. Seitz, The Politics of Development: An Introduction to Global Issues (1988).
52. Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (2d ed. 1995).
53. Matthew J. Slaughter & Phillip Swagel, Does Globalization Lower Wages and Export Jobs? (IMF Economic Issues No. 11 (1997).
54. George Soros, Soros On Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve (1995).
55. Raymond Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises (1971).
56. Michael Veseth, Selling Globalization: The Myth of the Global Economy (1998).
57. Immanuel Wallerstein, Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World System (1991).
58. Malcolm Waters, Globalization (1995).
59. Jarrod Wiener, Globalization and the Harmonization of Law (1999).
60. Steven Yearley, Sociology, Environmentalism, Globalization: Reinventing the Globe (1996).

Articles, Reports, and Proceedings

1. Arjun Appadurai, The Global Cultural Economy, in Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader 324 (Patrick Williams & Laura Chrisman eds., 1994).
2. Joshua Fishman, The New Linguistic Order, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 26.
3. Hector Fix-Fierro & Sergio Lopen-Ayllon, The Impact of Globalization on the Reform of the State and the Law in Latin America, 19 Hous. J. Int'l L. 785 (1997).
4. South Africa and the Non-aligned Movement in Era of Regionalisation and Globalization: Proceedings of a Preparatory Workshop Jointly Organised by the Foundation for Global Dialogue and the South African Department of Foreign Affairs, Pretoria, 29-30 April 1998 (Pieter Fourie & Riaan De Villiers eds., 1998).
5. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity, in Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader 181 (Patrick Williams & Laura Chrisman eds., 1994).
6. Mario Giovandi, Virtual Money and the Global Financial Market: Challenges for Lawyers, Y.B. Int'l Fin. & Econ. L. 1996, at 3 (Joseph J. Norton ed., 1998).
7. William Greider, One World Ready or Not, Rolling Stone, Feb. 6, 1997, at 37.
8. International Monetary Fund, Annual Report 1997 (1997).
9. International Monetary Fund, Globalization in Historical Perspective, in World Economic Outlook 1997: Annex (1997).
10. Ana Julia Jatar-Hausmann, What Russia Can Learn from Cuba, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 87.
11. Jessica T. Matthews, The Rise of Global Civil Society, Foreign Aff., Jan. 1997, at 50.
12. Michael O'Hanlon, Can High Technology Bring U.S. Troops Home?, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 72.
13. Wolfgang H. Reinicke, Global Public Policy, Foreign Aff., Nov./Dec. 1997, at 127.
14. Jeffrey Sachs, International Economics: Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization, Foreign Pol'y, Spring 1998, at 97.
15. Susan S. Silbey, "Let Them Eat Cake": Globalization, Postmodern Colonialism, and the Possibilities of Justice, 31 L. & Soc'y Rev. 207 (1997).
16. Anne-Marie Slaughter, The Real New World Order, Foreign Aff., Sept. 1997, at 183.
17. Claude Smadja, The End of Complacency, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 67.
18. George Soros, Capitalism's Last Chance?, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 55.
19. George Soros, The Capitalist Threat, Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1997, at 45.
20. George Soros, The Crisis of Global Capitalism, Wall St. J., Sept. 15, 1998, at A22.
21. John Stopford, Multinational Corporations, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 12. Symposium: The Globalization of Law, Politics, and Markets: Implications for Domestic Law Reform, 1 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. (1993).
22. Niels Thygesen et al., Globalization and Trilateral Labor Markets: Evidence and Implications; a Report to the Trilateral Commission (1996).
23. Robert Wade, The Fight over Capital Flows, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 41.
24. The World Bank, World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World (1997).
25. The World Bank, World Economic Outlook, May 112 (1997).

Websites

1. Gary Arnold, Gary Arnold's Home Page: The Titanic Resource (last modified Feb. 11, 1998) <http://www.ilap.com/garnold/titanic.htm>.
2. R.F.M. Lubbers, The Globalization of Economy and Society (last modified Dec. 10, 1996) <http://www.globalize.org/globview.htm>.
3. R.F.M. Lubbers, Globalization: An Exploration (visited Jul. 23, 1997) <http:// www.globalize.org/review.htm>.
4. Public Citizen Global Trade Watch (last modified Mar. 26, 1999) <http:// www.citizen.org/pctrade/tradehome.html>.

Part 3-II: National Capital Markets & Their Importance

Capital Markets & Investments

Books

1. Zui Bodie, et al., Essentials of Investments (2nd ed., 1995).
2. Globalization of Capital Markets (Dennis Campbell. ed., 1996).
3. Capital Markets Handbook (Bruce S. Foerster ed., 1999).
4. David Folkerts-Landau et al., International Monetary Fund, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Policy Issues (1995).
5. International Monetary Fund, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues (1996).
6. Capital Flows and Financial Crises (Miles Kattler ed., 1998).
7. Joseph LaPalombara & Stephen Blank, Multinational Corporations and Developing Countries (1979).
8. Miles Livingston, Money and Capital Markets (1996).
9. Capital Markets (Joel Trachtman & Promodh Malhotra eds., 1995).

Journals & Articles

1. Enrique R. Carrasco & Randall Thomas, Encouraging Relational Investment and Controlling Portfolio Investment in Developing Countries in the Aftermath of the Mexican Financial Crisis, 34 Col. J. Transnat'l L. 539 (1996).
2. Andrew T. Guzman, Capital Market Regulation in Developing Countries: A Proposal 39 Va. J. Int'l L. 607 (1999).
3. International Monetary Fund, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Policy Issues, World Economic & Financial Surveys 165 (1995).
4. Haim Levy & Marshall Sarnet, International Portfolio Diversification, in Managing Foreign Exchange Risk: Essays Commissioned in Honor of the Centenary of the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (Richard J. Herring, ed. 1983).
5. Marc I. Steinberg, Emerging Capital Markets: Proposals and Recommendations for Implementation, 30 Int'l Lawyer 715 (1996).
6. Symposium: Changing Capital Markets: Implications for Monetary Policy, A Symposium Sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, August 19-21, 1993.
7. Linda L. Tesar & Ingrid M. Werner, The Internationalization of Securities Markets since the 1987 Crash, in Brookings-Wharton: Papers on Financial Services 239 (Robert E. Litan & Anthony M. Santomero eds., 1998).
8. Carlos Marcelo Villegas, Debt Securities Offerings by Argentine Companies, in Globalization of Capital Markets 175 (Dennis Campbell, ed., 1996).

Websites

1. American Association of Individual Investors (last modified Mar., 1999) <http://www.aaii.com/invbas/>.
2. National Institute for Consumer Education, Eastern Michigan University, The Basics of Saving and Investing, A Teaching Guide (last modified Oct. 12, 1998) <http://www.investor.nasd.com/ni_module_menu.html>.

Economics & International Finance

Books

1. Rudiger Dornbusch, Dollars, Debts, and Deficits (1986).
2. Herbert G. Grubel, Ph.D., International Economics (rev. ed. 1981).
3. Paul Krugman & Maurice Obstfeld, International Economics: Theory and Policy (3d ed. 1994).
4. Frederic Mishkin, The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets (4th ed. 1995).
5. John Charles Pool et al., The ABCs of International Finance (2d ed. 1991).

Part 3-III: Development, the IMF, & Institutional Investors

Development

Books

1. Shahid Javid Burki, Latin American After Mexico: Quickening thePace (1996).
2. Lost Promises: Debt, Austerity, and Development in Latin America (William L. Canak ed., 1989).
3. David Colman & Frederick Nixson, Economics of Change in Less Developed Countries (3d ed. 1994).
4. Barry Eichengreen et al., Crisis? What Crisis? Orderly Workouts for Sovereign Debtors (1995).
5. David H. Lempert et al., A Model Development Plan: New Strategies and Perspectives (1995).
6. Cynthia Lichtenstein, The Mexican Crisis: Who Should Be a Country's Lender of Last Resort, 18 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1769 (1995).

Articles & Papers

1. Werner Baer & William Maloney, Neoliberalism and Income Distribution in Latin America, 25 World Dev. 311 (1997).
2. Richard Cleroux, US and Europe Paper over G7's $50 Billion Mexico Rift,
3. The Times (London), Feb. 6, 1995, available in 1995 WL 7646059.

Websites

1. International Capital Markets Charting a Steadier Course, IMF Survey (visited Sept. 11, 1999) <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/pdf/092396a.pdf>.
2. G7 Summit 1995: Communique, Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century (Draft, last modified May 22, 1995) <http://utl1.library.utoronto.ca/disk1/www/documents/g7/95chal.htm>.

Economics

1. Manuel R. Agosin & Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, Managing Capital Inflows, in Latin America in The Tobin Tax: Coping with Financial Volatility 161 (Mahbub ul Haq et al. eds., 1996).
2. David Folkerts-Landau et al., International Monetary Fund, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Policy Issues (1995).
3. Frederic S. Mishkin, The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets (4th ed. 1995).
4. OECD, OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 1995 (1995).

IMF

1. Michel Camdessus, The IMF and the Challenges of Globalization: The Fund's Evolving Approach to its Constant Mission: The Case of Mexico (visited Sept. 11, 1999) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/mds/1995/MDS9517.HTM>.
2. Franhois Gianviti, The IMF and the Liberalization of Capital Markets, 19 Hous. J. Int'l L. 773 (1997).
3. Paul Krugman, Currency Crises, (visited Sept. 11, 1999) <http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/crises.html>.

International Finance

1. Michel Camdessus, Global Capital Flows: Raising the Returns and Reducing the Risks, (visited Sept. 11, 1999) <http://www.lawac.org/camd.HTML>.
2. Globalization of Capital Markets (Dennis Campbell ed., 1996).
3. Priyatosh Maitra, The Globalization of Capitalism in Third World Countries (1996).

Mexican Debt Crisis

Books

1. Jorge Casteneda, The Mexican Shock: Its Meaning for the U.S. (1995). Banking Soundness and Monetary Policy: Issues and Experiences in the Global Economy (Chares Enoch & John H. Green eds., 1997).
2. Valeriano F. Garcia, Black December: Banking Instability, the Mexican Crisis, and its Effect on Argentina (1997).
3. Capital Flows and Financial Crises (Miles Kattler ed., 1998).
4. Latin American Debt in the 1990s: Lessons from the Past and Forecasts for the Future (Scott B. MacDonald et al. eds., 1991).

Articles & Reports

1. Enrique R. Carrasco & Randall Thomas, Encouraging Relational Investment and Controlling Portfolio Investment in Developing Countries in the Aftermath of the Mexican Financial Crisis, 34 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 539 (1996).
2. Guillermo Emiliano Del Toro, Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico and the 1994 Crisis: A Legal Perspective, 20 Hous. J. Int'l L. 1 (1997).
3. General Accounting Office Report: Mexico's Financial Crisis: Origins, Awareness, Assistance, and Initial Efforts to Recover, Chapter Report, Feb. 23, 1996, GAO/GGD-96-56.
4. George Graham et al., Mexican Rescue: Bitter Legacy of Battle to Bail Out Mexico, Fin. Times, Feb. 16, 1995, available in LEXIS, News Library, Financial Times File.
5. Int'l Monetary Fund, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Policy Issues, World Economic & Financial Surveys, 24 IMF Surv. 165 (1995).
6. Int'l Monetary Fund, Private Capital Plays Key Role in Stimulating Development, 24 IMF Surv. 339 (1996).
7. William A. Lovett, Lessons from the Recent Peso Crisis in Mexico, 4 Tul. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 143 (1996).
8. James Tobin, Financial Globalization: Can National Currencies Survive?, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998 63 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).

Websites

1. Andrew Atkeson & José-Víctor Ríos-Rull, The Balance of Payments and Borrowing Constraints: An Alternative View of the Mexican Crisis, Fed. Res. Bnk. of Minneapolis (1996) (last modified Sept. 1, 1999) <http://research.mpls.frb.fed.us/research/sr/sr212.html>.
2. Michel Camdessus, Global Capital Flows: Raising the Returns and Reducing the Risks (last modified June 17, 1997) <http://www.imf.org/external/np\sec\mds\1997\MDS9709.htm>.
3. Jeffrey A. Frankel & Sergio L. Schmukler, Country Fund Discounts and the Mexican Crisis of December 1994: Did Local Residents Turn Pessimistic before International Investors?, Fed. Res. Bd. (1996) (last modified July 20, 1999) <http://www.bog.frb.fed.us/pubs/ifdp/1996/563/default.htm>.
4. Bradford de Long et al., The Mexican Peso Crisis: In Defense of U.S. Policy Toward Mexico (last modified Feb. 21, 1996) <http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Econ_Articles/themexicanpesocrisis.html>.
5. International Monetary Fund, IMF Surv., vol. 27, Supplement on the IMF (visited Jul. 11, 1998) <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/sup0998/contents.htm>.
6. Daniel D. E. Rounds, The Mexican Peso Crisis: A World Systems Perspective (last modified Aug. 23, 1996) <http://psirus.sfsu.edu/IntRel/IRJournal/su96/Rounds.html>.
7. Roberto Salinas-León, The Mexican Peso Crisis: Comment on Meigs, 17 Cato J. 1, also at (visited Sept. 11, 1999) <http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj17n1-5.html>.
8. Lessons From Mexico (visited Jul. 16, 1997) <http://www.imf.org/external pubs/ft/pam/pam50/pam5003.htm>.

Part 3-IV: The Promises and Perils of Globalization: The Asian Financial Crisis

Books

1. Iraj Abedian, Economic Globalization and Fiscal Policy (1998).
2. Governments, Globalization, and International Business (John H. Dunning ed., 1997)
3. Banking Soundness and Monetary Policy: Issues and Experiences in the Global Economy (Chares Enoch & John H. Green eds., 1997).
4. Financial Deregulation and Integration in East Asia (Takatoshi Ito & Anne O. Krueger eds., 1996).
5. Capital Flows and Financial Crises (Miles Kattler ed., 1998).
6. Louis W. Pauly, Who Elected the Bankers? Surveillance and Control in the World Economy (1997).
7. Globalization, Privatization and Free Market Economy (C.P. Rao ed., 1998).
8. Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone too Far? (1997).
9. Saskia Sassen, Globalization and its Discontents (1998).

Articles, Speeches, Reports & Documents

1. Michel Camdessus, Navigating Stormy Waters: Five Addresses by Michel Camdessus (1998).
2. Stephen J. Choi & Andrew T. Guzman, National Laws, International Money: Regulation in a Global Capital Market, 65 Fordham L. Rev. 1855 (1997).
3. Asli Demirgüç-Kunt & Enrica Detragiache, Financial Liberalization and Financial Fragility in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998 303 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).
4. Martin S. Feldstein, Refocusing the IMF, 77 Foreign Aff. 20 (Mar./Apr. 1998).
5. Steven Radelet & Jeffrey Sachs, Asia's Reemergence, Foreign Aff., Nov./Dec. 1997, at 44.
6. Francois Gianviti, The IMF and the Liberalization of Capital Markets, 19 Hous. J. Int'l L. 773 (1997).
7. Bruse Greenwald, International Adjustment in the Face of Imperfect Financial Markets in, Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 273 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).
8. Diana I. Gregg, ADB Sees Gradual Recovering in Asia, 16 BNA Int'l Trade Rep. 722 (1999).
9. Jason Gutierrez, IMF Warns Philippines on Protectionist Measures, 16 BNA Int'l Trade Rep. 683 (1999).
10. Inst. Of Int'l Fin., Capital Flows to Emerging Market Economies (Jan. 29, 1998).
11. International Monetary Fund, Annual Report 1997 (1997).
12. Bruce Knecht, How the IMF Cured Manila, Wall St. J., Dec. 22, 1997 at A14.
13. Suzanne Manning & Eileen Canning, Hedge Funds: Report Recommends Public Disclosure, More Authority for SEC, CFTC, Treasury, 31 BNA Sec. Reg. & L. Rep. 557 (1999).
14. Private Capital Plays Key Role in Stimulating Development, IMF Survey, Oct. 14, 1996, at 339.
15. Daniel Pruzin, FDI in Asian Developing Countries Has Proved Resilient, UNCTAD Reports, 16 BNA Int'l Trade Rep. 744 (1999).
16. David E. Sanger, I.M.F. Reports Plan Backfired, Worsening Indonesian Woes, N.Y. Times, Jan. 14, 1998, at A1.
17. George Soros, Capitalism's Last Chance?, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 55.
18. Robert Wade, The Fight Over Capital Flows, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 41.
19. Vincent A. Warther, Has the Rise of Mutual Funds Increased Market Instability?, in Brookings-Wharton: Papers on Financial Services 239 (Robert E. Litan & Anthony M. Santomero eds., 1998).
20. James D. Wolfensohn, The Other Crisis, Address to the Board of Governors, Washington, D.C. (Oct. 6, 1998).
21. The World Bank, The World Bank Annual Report 1997 (1997).

Websites

1. Michel Camdessus, Global Capital Flows: Raising the Returns and Reducing the Risks (last modified June 17, 1997) <http://www.imf.org/external/np\sec\mds\1997\MDS9709.HTM>.
2. Michel Camdessus, Statement by the Managing Director on the IMF Program with Indonesia (last modified Jan. 15, 1998) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1998/nb9802.HTM>.
3. The Exchange Rates Currency Calculator (last modified Apr. 1, 1999) <http://www.x-rates.com/calculator.html>.
4. Stanley Fischer, The Asian Crisis: A View from the IMF (last modified Jan. 22, 1998) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/1998/012298.htm>.
5. Harvard Institute for International Development, Asian Financial Crisis (a depository for information about the Asian Financial Crisis) (visited Sept. 11, 1999) <http://www.hiid.harvard.edu/pub/other/asiacrisis.html>.
6. Int'l Monetary Fund, IMF Approves SDR 15.5 Billion Stand-by Credit for Korea (last modified Dec. 4, 1997) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/1997/pr9755.htm>.
7. Int'l Monetary Fund, Republic of Korea, IMF Stand-by Arrangement, Summary of the Economic Program (Dec. 5, 1997) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/oth/korea.htm>.
8. Nicholas D. Kristof, Crisis Pushing Asian Capitalism Closer to U.S-Style Free Market (last modified Jan. 17, 1998) <http://www.nytimes.com/library/financial/011798asia-capitalism.html>.
9. Paul Krugman, Will Asia Bounce Back? (last modified Mar. 1998) <http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/suisse.html>.
10. Lessons From Mexico for IMF Surveillance and Financing (visited Sept. 11, 1999) <http://www.imf.org/externalpubs/ft/pam/pam50/pam5003.htm>.
11. Robert E. Litan, Policy Brief #30, A Three-Step Remedy for Asia's Financial Flu (last modified Feb. 1998) <http://www.brook.edu/comm/policybriefs/pb030/pb30.htm>.
12. R.F.M. Lubbers, The Globalization of Economy and Society (last modified Feb. 22, 1999) <http://www.globalize.org/publications/globview.html>.
13. John H. Makin, The Painful Death of the Japanese Model (last modified Jan. 23, 1998) <http://www.aei.org/eo/eo8666.htm>.
14. Marcus Noland, The Financial Crisis in Asia (last modified Feb. 3, 1998) <http://www.iie.com/TESTMONY/jmn2-3.htm>.
15. Adam S. Posen, Fear of Finance and Global Realities (last modified Nov. 19, 1997) <http://www.iie.com/TESTMONY/fearfin1.htm>.
16. Nouriel Roubini, Chronology of the Asian Currency Crisis and Its Global Contagion (visited Sept. 11, 1999) <http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/asia/AsiaChronology1.html>.
17. Nouriel Roubini, What Caused Asia's Economic and Currency Crisis and Its Global Contagion? (visited Sept. 11, 1999) <http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/asia/AsiaHomepage.html>.
18. Kurt Schuler, Stabilizing the Indonesian Rupiah Through a Currency Board (last modified Jan. 1998) <http://users.erols.com/kurrency/indocybd.htm>.

Part 3-V: Coping with Private Markets

Books

1. Barry Eichengreen, Capital Account Liberalization: Theoretical and Practical Aspects (1998).
2. Barry Eichengreen, Towards a New International Financial Architecture: A Practical Post-Asia Agenda (1999).
3. Barry Eichengreen, Transition Strategies and Nominal Anchors on the Road to Greater Exchange-Rate Flexibility (1999).
4. Banking Soundness and Monetary Policy: Issues and Experiences in the Global Economy (Chares Enoch & John H. Green eds., 1997).
5. Steve H. Hanke & Kurt Schuler, Currency Boards for Developing Countries: A Handbook (1994).
6. The Tobin Tax: Coping with Financial Volatility (Mahbub ul Haq et al. eds., 1996). Int'l Monetary Fund, Exit Strategies: Policy Options for Countries Seeking Greater Exchange-Rate Flexibility (1998).
7. Miles Kattler, Capital Flows and Financial Crises (1998).
8. Saskia Sassen, Losing Control?: Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (1996).
9. John Williamson, What Role for Currency Boards (1995).

Articles

1. Yilmaz Akyüz, Taming International Finance, in Managing the Global Economy 55 (Johnathan Michie & John Grieve Smith eds.,1995).
2. Jagdish Bhagwati, The Capital Myth, Foreign Aff., May/June 1998, at 7.
3. Robert S. Browne, Taming Global Money, in Beyond Bretton Woods: Alternatives to the Global Economic Order 57 (1994).
4. Enrique Carrasco, Encouraging Relational Investment and Controlling Portfolio Investment in Developing Countries in the Aftermath of the Mexican Financial Crisis, 34 Colum. J. of Transnat'l L. 539 (1996).
5. Whitney Debevoise, Key Procedural Issues: Transparency, 32 Internat'l Law. 817 (1998).
6. Asli Demirgüç-Kunt & Enrica Detragiache, Financial Liberalization and Financial Fragility, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998, at 303 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).
7. Barry Eichengreen et. al., Liberalizing Capital Movements: Some Analytical Issues (IMF Economic Issues No. 17, 1999).
8. François Gianviti, The IMF and the Liberalization of Capital Markets, 19 Hous. J. Int'l L. 773 (1997).
9. Bruce Greenwald, International Adjustment in the Face of Imperfect Financial Markets in, Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998, at 273 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).
10. Interview with Manuel Guitián, Director, IMF Monetary and Exchange Affairs Department (May 22, 1999), in IMF's Role Evolves in Financial and Exchange Rate Arenas, 26 IMF Surv. 169 (1997).
11. Jang-Yung Lee, Sterilizing Capital Inflows (IMF Economic Issues No. 7, 1997).
12. Edward J. Lincoln, Japan's Financial Mess, Foreign Aff., May/June 1998, at 57.
13. Suzanne Manning & Eileen Canning, Hedge Funds: Report Recommends Public Disclosure, More Authority for SEC, CFTC, Treasury, 31 BNA Sec. Reg. & L. 557 (1999).
14. George Soros, Capitalism's Last Chance?, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 55.
15. James Tobin, Financial Globalization: Can National Currencies Survive? in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998, at 63 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).
16. Robert Wade, The Fight Over Capital Flows, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99, at 41.
17. James D. Wolfensohn, Rethinking Development-Principles, Approaches, and Projects, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998, at 59 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).

Papers & Notices

1. Tomas J.T. Balino et al., Currency Board Arrangements: Issues and Experiences, World Bank, Occasional Paper No. 151 (1997).
2. Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti & Assaf Razin, Current Account Reversals and Currency Crises: Empirical Regularities, Int'l Monetary Fund Working Paper WP/98/99 (1998).
3. Int'l Monetary Fund, IMF Strengthens Standard for Public Dissemination of Data on International Reserves (IMF PIN No. 99/25) Mar. 26, 1999.
4. Int'l Monetary Fund, IMF Takes Additional Steps to Enhance Transparency (IMF PIN No. 99/36) Apr. 16, 1999.

Speeches

1. Michel Camdessus, Transparency and Improved Standards are Key to Stable and Efficient Financial Systems, Address to the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Int'l Org. of Sec. Commission (May 25, 1999), in 28 IMF Surv. 177 (1999).
2. Michel Camdessus, The IMF and Good Governance, Address to Transparency Int'l, at Paris, France (January 21, 1998), in Navigating Stormy, Unchartered Waters: Five Addresses by Michel Camdessus 27 (1998).
3. Michel Camdessus, Toward a New Financial Architecture for a Globalized World, Address to the Royal Inst. of Int'l Aff., at London, England (May 8, 1998) in Navigating Stormy, Unchartered Waters: Five Addresses by Michel Camdessus 13 (1998).

Websites

1. Basle Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for Int'l Settlements, Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (last modified Sep. 1997) <http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs30a.htm>.
2. Nouriel Roubini, The Case Against Currency Boards: Debunking 10 Myths About the Benefits of Currency Boards (last modified Feb. 1998) <http://www. stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/asia/CurrencyBoardsRoubini.html>.
3. Kurt Schuler, Stabilizing the Indonesian Rupiah Through a Currency Board (last modified Jan. 1998) <http://www.erols.com/kurrency/indocybd.htm>.
4. Peter D. Sutherland, The 1998 Per Jacobsson Lecture: Managing the International Economy in an Age of Globalization, (last modified Oct. 4, 1998) <http://imf.org/external/am/1998/perj.htm>.
5. Task Force of the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations, Towards a New International Financial Architecture (last modified Jan. 21, 1999) <http://www.eclac.cl/english/coverpage/architecture. htm>.

Part 3-VI: 1998/1999 Update

Crisis Countries

1. Paul Blustein, Is Malaysia's Reform Working?; Capital Controls Appear to Aid Economy but Doubts Remain, Wash. Post, Nov. 21, 1998, at G1.
2. Paul Blustein, Malaysia Survives Dire Predictions; Currency Controls Upset IMF, but Country Ready to Sell Bonds Again, Wash. Post., May 19, 1999, at E1.
3. Paul Blustein, U.S. Urges Suharto to Show Restraint, Wash. Post, May 2, 1998, at A15.
4. James Cox, Suharto Home to Fight Riots in Indonesia, USA Today, May 15, 1998, at A1.
5. Stanley Fischer, The Asian Crisis: A View from the IMF (Jan. 22, 1998) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/1998/012298.htm>.
6. Thomas L. Friedman, Foreign Affairs: The Reverse Domino, NYT, Mar. 19, 1999, at A17.
7. Johnathan Fuerbringer, The Markets in Turmoil: The Emerging Markets: Uncovering the Real Deals in a Global Bargain Basement, N.Y.Times, Sept. 6, 1998, at sec. 3, pg. 4.
8. Laura Goering, Brazilians Facing Tough Decisions; President Leads in Polls Despite Unpopular Plan, Chic. Trib., Oct. 4, 1998, at 3.
9. Merrill Goozner, Chill from Asia, Russia Threatens Latin America, Chic. Trib., Sept. 2, 1998, at 4.
10. David Hoffman, Russia in Reverse: Upheavals Threaten Free Market Goals, Wash. Post, Aug. 30, 1998, at A1.
11. Int'l Monetary Fund Press Briefing on First Review of Indonesia's Economic Program by Stanley Fischer and Hubert Neiss, May 4, 1998, available at <http://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/1998/TR980504.HTM>.
12. Int'l Monetary Fund, IMF Analysis of the Economic Program for Korea, IMF Approves SDR 15.5 Billion Stand-by Credit for Korea (Dec. 4, 1997) <http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/1997/pr9755.htm>.
13. Colin McMahon, Russia Reformer Fired by Yeltsin; Chernomyrdin Swept into Revolving Door, Returns as Premier, Chic. Trib., Aug. 24, 1998, at 1.
14. Seth Mydans, The Fall of Suharto: The Final Days: When Friends Rebel, a Reign Ends Quickly, N.Y.Times, May 24, 1998, at sec. 1, pg. 8.
15. Seth Mydans, The Fall of Suharto: The Successor; New President with High-Tech
16. Background Brings Confidence: His Own, N.Y.Times, May 21, 1998, at A10. Reuters, IMF May Resume Indonesian Bailout: U.S. Congress Still Unhappy with Agency, Lack of Reforms, Chic. Trib., May 4, 1998, at 5.
17. Michael Richardson, For Jakarta, is IMF Boon or Bane?, Int'l Herald Trib., May 4, 1998, at 1.
18. Keith B. Richburg, Indonesians Tally Victims, Await Suharto's Next Move; Government Rescinds Recent Price Increases, Wash. Post, May 16, 1998, at A1.
19. David E. Sanger, U.S. Plans to Send Billions to Shield Brazil's Economy, N.Y.Times, Oct. 25, 1998, at sec. 1, pg. 1.
20. Kurt Schuler, Stabilizing the Indonesian Rupiah Through a Currency Board (Jan. 1998) <http://www.erols.com/kurrency/indocybd.htm>.
21. Cindy Shiner, Jakarta Couples Price Rises With Unrest Warning; Fuel and Power Costs Go Up as IMF Prepares to Release $1 Billion From Rescue Funds, Int'l Herald Trib., May 5, 1998, at 1.
22. Barbara Slavin, Russia's Troubles with Capitalism are Linked to its History, USA Today, Sept. 2, 1998, at 8A.
23. John Willcock, Saving the Tigers; When Your Economy Goes Belly-up, There's Only One Thing for It: Call in the Brits., The Independent, Apr. 4, 1998, at 18.
24. Events that Lead to Resignation, Chic. Sun-Times May 21, 1998, at 28.

IMF, World Bank, & Reforms

1. Michel Camdessus, Address to IOSCO, Transparency and Improved Standards are Key to Stable and Efficient Financial Systems 28 IMF Surv. 177 (1999).
2. Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (Sep. 1997) <http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs30a.htm>.
3. Barry Eichengreen, Towards a New International Financial Architecture: A Practical Post-Asia Agenda (1999).
4. Barry Eichengreen, Transition Strategies and Nominal Anchors on the Road to Greater Exchange-Rate Flexibility (1999).
5. Barry Eichengreen et. al., Liberalizing Capital Movements: Some Analytical Issues (IMF Economic Issues No. 17, 1999).
6. Barry Eichengreen, Capital Account Liberalization: Theoretical and Practical Aspects (IMF Occasional Paper No. 172, 1998).
7. Bruse Greenwald, International Adjustment in the Face of Imperfect Financial Markets, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998 273 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).
8. The Tobin Tax: Coping with Financial Volatility (Mahbub ul Haq, et al. eds., 1996).
9. Nicholas D. Kristof, Crisis Pushing Asian Capitalism Closer to U.S-Style Free Market (last modified Jan. 17, 1998) <http://www.nytimes.com/library/financial/011798asia-capitalism.html>.
10. David E. Sanger, A Fund of Trouble: A Special Report; As Economies Fail, the
11. I.M.F. is Rife with Recriminations, N.Y.Times, Oct. 1, 1998, at A1.
12. George Soros, Capitalism's Last Chance?, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99 at 55. Task Force of the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations, Towards a New International Financial Architecture (Jan. 21, 1999) <http://www.eclac.cl/english/coverpage/architecture.htm>.
13. James Tobin, Financial Globalization: Can National Currencies Survive?, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998 63 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).
14. James Tobin, The New Economics One Decade Older (1974).
15. Robert Wade, The Fight Over Capital Flows, Foreign Pol'y, Winter 1998-99 at 41.
16. James D. Wolfensohn, Rethinking Development-Principles, Approaches, and Projects, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998 59 (Boris Pleskovic & Joseph E. Stiglitz eds., 1999).

Part Four: The Advent of the 21^st Century: Major Developments in International Finance and Development

Part 4-I: Foreign Debt: Forgiveness and Repudiation

Debt Relief

1. Jubilee Debt Campaign, http://www.jubileedebtcampaign.org.uk (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
2. Hal Scott, International Finance: Transactions, Policy, and Regulation (13th ed. 2006).
3. Jubilee Debt Campaign, ActionAid, U.K. & Christian Aid, Joint NGO Briefing Paper, In the Balance: Why Debts Must be Cancelled Now to Meet the Millennium Development Goals (2003), http://www.actionaid.org/docs/in_the_balance.pdf.
4. Int’l Monetary Fund, Global Policy Forum, Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative (2003), available at http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/debt/2003/09factsheethipc.htm.
5. Soren Ambrose, Multilateral Debt: The Unbearable Burden, Foreign Pol’y in Focus, Nov. 2001, available at http://www.fpif.org/pdf/vol6/37ifmultidebt.pdf.
6. James A. Paul, Global Policy Forum, NGOs and Global Policy-Making (June 2000), available at http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/analysis/anal00.htm.
7. United Nations Millennium Declaration, G.A. Res.55/2, U.N. Doc A/RES/55/2 (Sept. 18, 2000), available at http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf.
8. The World Bank Group, Millennium Development Goals: About the Goals, available at http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/GMIS/gdmis.do?siteId=2&menuId=LNAV01HOME1.
9. News Release, The World Bank, G-8 Gleneagles Summit and Development, (July 1, 2005), http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20567463~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html.
10. Romilly Greenhill & Elena Sista, Jubilee Research, Real Progress Report on HIPC (2003), available at http://www.jubileeresearch.org/analysis/reports/realprogressHIPC.pdf.
11. Press Release, The World Bank, Finance Ministers of 184 Countries Endorse G8 Debt Relief Plan (Sept. 25, 2005), http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ORGANIZATION/EXTOFFICEPRESIDENT/0,.contentMDK:20660227-menuPK:64260204-pagePK:51174171~piPK:64258873~theSItePK:1014541,00.html.
12. Jubilee Debt Campaign, The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly (2006), available at http://www.jubileedebtcampaign.org.uk/download.php?id=278.
13. Debayani Kar & Neil Watkins, Commentary, The G-8 Debt Deal: First Step On a Long Journey, Foreign Pol’y in Focus, June 21, 2005, http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2005/0506debt.html.
14. Global Pol’y Forum & Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, The Development Agenda after the 2005 Millennium+5 Summit (2005) http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/un/reform/2005/05summitgpf.pdf.
15. Anne O. Krueger, First Deputy Managing Dir., Int’l Monetary Fund, Remarks at the Banco de México Conference on Macroeconomic Stability, Financial Markets and Economic Development: Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism (Nov. 12, 2002), available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2002/111202.htm
16. The World Bank, Economic Policy and Debt, Frequently Asked Questions, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTDEBTDEPT/0,,contentMDK:20259564~menuPK:64166739~pagePK:64166689~piPK:64166646~theSitePK:469043,00.html.
17. Christina Katsouris, Creditors Making ‘Major Changes’ in Debt Relief for Poor Countries, Africa Recovery, Sept. 1999, available at http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/subjindx/subpdfs/132debt.pdf.
18. Jubilee, What is the HIPC Initiative?, http://www.jubileeresearch.org/hipc/what_is_hipc.htm (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
19. The World Bank, Steps of the HIPC Initiative, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTDEBTDEPT/0,,contentMDK:20655535~menuPK:64166739~pagePK:64166689~piPK:64166646~theSitePK:469043,00.html (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
20. The World Bank, Int’l Dev. Ass’n, What is IDA?, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21206704~menuPK:83991~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
21. The Int’l Monetary Fund, IMF Concessional Financing Through the ESAF: A Factsheet, http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/esaf.htm (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
22. The World Bank, PovertyNet, Poverty Reduction Strategies, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPRS/0,,menuPK:384207~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:384201,00.html (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
23. The Int’l Monetary Fund, Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative: A Factsheet, http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm
24. The World Bank, Economic Policy and Debt, Frequently Asked Questions, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTDEBTDEPT/0,,contentMDK:20259564~menuPK:64166739~pagePK:64166689~piPK:64166646~theSitePK:469043,00.html#09 (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
25. The World Bank, Economic Policy and Debt, The Enhanced HIPC Initiative–Overview, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTDEBTDEPT/0,,contentMDK:21254881~menuPK:64166739~pagePK:64166689~piPK:64166646~theSitePK:469043,00.html (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
26. The Int’l Monetary Fund, The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI): A Factsheet, http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/mdri.htm (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
27. The World Bank, Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, A Factsheet, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDEBTDEPT/Resources/mdri_eng.pdf.
28. The World Bank, Economic Policy and Debt, The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTDEBTDEPT/0,,contentMDK:20634753~menuPK:64166739~pagePK:64166689~piPK:64166646~theSitePK:469043,00.html (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
29. The African Development Bank Group, Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative by the African Development Fund at a Glance, http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ADB_ADMIN_PG/DOCUMENTS/OPERATIONSINFORMATION/(6%20PAGES)%20MDRI%20(ENG).PDF.
30. Make Poverty History, http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/whatwewant/debt.shtml (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
31. The World Bank, Debt Relief, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTSITETOOLS/0,,contentMDK:20147607~menuPK:344191~pagePK:98400~piPK:98424~theSitePK:95474,00.html#10 (last visited Mar. 30, 2007).
32. International Multilateral and Bilateral Debt Relief, 91 Am. J. of Pub. Health 58 (2001), available at http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1446558&blobtype=pdf.
33. Int’l Monetary Fund Staff, The Logic of Debt Relief for the Poorest Countries (2000), available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2000/092300.htm#II.
34. Jubilee U.S.A. Network, The Unfinished Agenda on International Debt: What Did the 2005 Debt Deal Achieve? What Remains to be Done?, Spotlight (Wash. D.C.), July, 2006, available at http://www.afsc.org/africa-debt/news/JubileeUSAunfinished_agenda.pdf.
35. DATA, The DATA Deal: An Emergency G7 Package for Africa, http://data.org/policy/datareports/pdf/DATAReport-eversion.pdf.
36. Florence N. Kuteesa and Rosetti Nabbumba, HIPC Debt Relief and Poverty Reduction Strategies: Uganda’s Experience, in HIPC Debt Relief: Myths and Reality, http://www.fondad.org/publications/hipc/Fondad-HIPC-Chapter3.pdf.

Odious Debt

1. Soren Ambrose, Symposium, Sovereign Debt Restructuring: Social Movements and the Politics of Debt Cancellation, 6 Chi. J. Int’l L. 267 (2005).
2. Lee C Buchheit, G. Mitu Gulati, & Robert B. Thompson, The Dilemma of Odious Debts, Duke Law School Faculty Scholarship Series, Research Paper No. 127 (Sept. 2006), available at http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=duke/fs.
3. Joseph Hanlon, Defining “Illegitimate Debt”: When Creditors Should Be Liable for Improper Loans, in Sovereign debt at the Crossroads 109 (Chris Jochnick & Fraser A. Preston eds., 2006).
4. Anna Gelpern, Symposium, Sovereign Debt Restructuring: What Iraq and Argentina Might Learn from Each Other, 6 Chi. J. Int’l L. 391 (2005).
5. Seema Jayachandran & Michael Kremer, Odious Debt, in Sovereign debt at the Crossroads 215 (Chris Jochnick & Fraser A. Preston eds., 2006).
6. Kristin McFetridge, Note, Multilateralism vs. Unilateralism in the Sovereign Debt Restructuring Context: Will Either Approach Prevent Default?, 11 Law & Bus. Rev. Am. 239 (2005).
7. Christophe G. Paulus, “Odious Debts” vs. Debt Trap: A Realistic Help?, 31 Brook. J. Int’l L. 83 (2005).
8. Kevin H. Anderson, International Law and State Succession: A Solution to the Iraqi Debt Crisis?, 2005 Utah L. Rev. 401 (2005).
9. Anupam Chander, Conference, Sovereign Debt Restructuring: The View From the Legal Academy: Odious Securitzation, 53 Emory L.J. 923 (2004).
10. Ashfaq Khalfan, Centre for International Sustainable Development Law, Advancing the Odious Debt Doctrine, http://www.dette2000.org/data/File/odious_debt_CISDL.pdf.

Part 4-II: Remittances and Development

Remittances and Development

1. Dilip Ratha, Workers’ Remittances: An Important and Stable Source of External Development Finance. Global Development Finance 2003.
2. Brenda Walker, Remittances Becoming More Entrenched: The Worldwide Cash Flow Continues to Grow. See http://www.limitstogrowth.org/WEB-text/remittances.html.
3. Kevin O’Neil, Migration Information Source – Remittances from the United States in Context. Migration Policy Institute. (June 2003).
4. Inter-American Development Bank, Multilateral Investment Fund, Sending Money Home: Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean. Study. (May 2004).
5. The World Bank, Payment Systems and Remittances. See http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS.
6. Migrant Remittances to Developing Countries. A Scoping Study: Overview and Introduction to Issues for Pro-Poor Financial Services. Prepared for the UK Department of International Development (DFID). (June 2003).
7. Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, Remittances and Development: Trends, Impacts, and Policy Options – A Review of the Literature. Migration Policy Institute. (2006).
8. The World Bank, Remittances: Development Impact and Future Prospects. Edited by Samuel Munzele Maimbo and Dilip Ratha. (2005).
9. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook: Globalization and External Imbalances. (April 2005).
10. Ralph Chami, Connel Fullenkamp, and Samir Jahjah. International Monetary Fund. Are Immigrant Remittance Flows a Source of Capital for Development? (2003).
11. The World Bank, Development and the Next Generation. World Development Report 2007.
12. The World Bank, Global Development Finance: Harnessing Cyclical Gains for Development. Analysis and Summary Tables (2004).
13. The World Bank, Global Development Finance: Mobilizing Finance and Managing Vulnerability. Analysis and Summary Tables 2005.
14. The World Bank, Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications of Remittances and Migration. (2006).
15. Richard Lapper, Migrant villages breathe life into the old country, Financial Times, Aug. 31, 2007, at 7.
16. William Wallis, The brotherhood: Senegal's émigrés fill the void left by an absent state, Financial Times, Aug. 30, 2007, at 6.
17. Joe Leahy, Migrant money opens up another passage to India, Financial Times, Aug. 30, 2007, at 6.
18. Adam Thomson, Mexico sees recovery in migrants' remittances, Financial Times, Sept. 12, 2007, at 3.
19. Richard Lapper, Globalization's exiles keep the home fires burning, Financial Times, Aug. 28, 2007, at 7.

Part 4-III Regional Development Banks

Regional Development Banks

1. Saladin Al-Jurf, Good Governance & Transparency:  Their Impact on Development, in E-Book on International Finance & Development (E. Carrasco ed., 2008), http://blogs.law.uiowa.edu/ebook/uicifd-ebook/part-2-v-good-governance-transparency-their-impact-development.
2. John H. Head, For Richer or For Poorer: Assessing the Criticisms Directed at the Multilateral Development Banks, 52 KAN. L. REV. 241 (2004).
3. Eisuke Suzuki & Suresh Nanwani, Responsibility of International Organizations: The Accountability Mechanisms of Multilateral Development Banks, 27 MICH. J. INT’L L. 177, 207 (2005).
4. Herbert V. Morais, Testing the Frontiers of Their Mandates: The Experience of the Multilateral Development Banks, 98 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 64, 67 (2004).
5. Daniel D. Bradlow, Private Complainants and International Organizations: A Comparative Study of the Independent Inspection Mechanisms in International Financial Institutions, 36 GEO. J. INT’L L. 403 (2005).
6. Gunter Handl, The Legal Mandates of Multilateral Development Banks, 92 AM. J. INT'L L. 642 (1998)
7. The African Development Bank, About Us, http://www.afdb.org/en/about-us.
8. African Development Bank, Executive Summary to 2007 Annual Report xix–xx.
9. The High Level Panel for the African Development Bank, Investing in Africa’s Future: The ADB in the 21st Century 28 (2007).
10. Bank Information Center, Examining the African Development Bank: A Primer for NGOs 14 (2007).
11. Agreement Establishing the African Development Bank, Art. 31, July 2002.
12. The African Development Bank, Statement of Voting Power at 30 Sept. 2007, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Boards-Documents/25850320-EN-2007-VP-SEPTEMBER.PDF.
13. The African Development Bank, The African Development Bank Group Policy on Disclosure of Information 1 (Oct. 2005).
14. Bank Information Center, African Development Bank: Getting Info, http://www.bicusa.org/en/Institution.Information.1.aspx#1.
15. Posting of Toby McIntosh to IFTI Watch, African Development Bank Issues New Disclosure Policy, http://www.freedominfo.org/2004/04/african-development-bank-issues-new-disclosure-policy/ (Apr. 13, 2004) (last visited Jan. 31, 2010).
16. The African Development Bank, Whistle-blowing and Complaints Handling Policy, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/18136242-EN-WHISTLE-BLOWING-POLICY-FINAL-FINAL-WKF.PDF.
17. The African Development Bank, Structure, http://www.afdb.org/en/about-us/structure/.
18. The African Development Bank, Cooperation With Civil Society Organizations: Policy and Guidelines 23–45 (Aug. 2000).
19. The Asian Development Bank, Members, in About ADB, http://www.adb.org/About/members.asp. 
20. Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank, http://www.adb.org/documents/reports/charter/charter.pdf. 
21. Daniel Woolls, U.S. Says Asian Development Bank Runs Risk of Obsolescence, Associated Press, May 6, 2008.
22. Raphael Minder, ADB Divisions Emerge Over Capital, FIN. TIMES, May 6, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7ce7d820-1b80-11dd-9e58-0000779fd2ac.html.
23. Greg Rushford, ADB Jumps to Corporate Welfare, FAR EASTERN ECONOMIC REV., June 2008.
24. Bank Information Center, ADB Public Communications Policy: A Summary of CSO Recommendations 1 (July 18, 2005).
25. The Asian Development Bank, The Public Communications Policy of the Asian Development Bank: Disclosure and Exchange of Information 6 (Mar. 2005), http://www.adb.org/Documents/Policies/PCP/PCP-R-Paper.pdf. 
26. Posting of Toby McIntosh to IFTI Watch, Best Practices on Transparency Among IFIs, http://www.freedominfo.org/2005/09/best-practices-on-transparency-among-ifis/ (Sept. 12, 2005) (last visited Feb. 3, 2011).
27. Posting of Toby McIntosh to IFTI Watch, ADB Assesses Positives and Negatives of New Disclosure Policy, http://www.freedominfo.org/2007/05/adb-assesses-positives-and-negatives-of-new-disclosure-policy/ (May 21, 2007) (last visited Feb. 10, 2011).
28. The Asian Development Bank, Assessment of the Implementation of the Public Communications Policy, September 2006-December 2007 (March 2008)
29. Press Release, NGO Forum on ADB, CSOs Hit ADB Communication Policy on Bishkek Heating Plant (June 19, 2008), http://www.forum-adb.org/BACKUP/rus/Press-Releases/20080619-CA.htm.
30. Posting of Toby McIntosh to IFTI Watch, ADB Denials Frustrate Civil Society Groups; Annual Report Suggests Gaps in Routine Disclosure, http://www.freedominfo.org/2008/07/annual-report-suggests-gaps-in-routine-disclosure/ (July 17, 2008) (last visited Feb. 10, 2011).
31. The Asian Development Bank, Frequently Asked Questions, in Anticorruption and Integrity, www.adb.org/Integrity/faqs.asp.
32. The Asian Development Bank, Anticorruption and Integrity, www.adb.org/Integrity/.
33. The Asian Development Bank, Terms of Office: Integrity Division, Office of the Auditor General, in Anticorruption and Integrity: Integrity Division, www.adb.org/Integrity/term-office.asp.
34. The Office of the Auditor General Integrity Division, The Asian Development Bank, 2007 Annual Report 7 (2008).
35. Press Release, Government Accountability Project, Asian Development Bank Audit Reveals Fraud in Afghanistan Projects (May 1, 2008) available at http://www.commondreams.org/news2008/0501-14.htm (last visited Feb. 13, 2011).
36. Raphael Minder, Testing times for ADB head, Fin. Times, Jan. 16, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5a675572-c45b-11dc-a474-0000779fd2ac.html (last visited Feb. 13, 2011).
37. Paul Speltz and Linda Tsao Yang, Comment & Analysis, Five ways to reform Asia’s regional bank, Fin. Times, Jan. 28, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2bf3d2b0-cdc0-11dc-9e4e-000077b07658.html (last visited Feb. 13, 2011).
38. Eisuke Suzuki, Letters, How to lift tattered morale at the ADB, FIN. TIMES, Feb. 1, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cdae656c-d067-11dc-9309-0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1 (last visited Feb. 13, 2011).
39. The Asian Development Bank, Accountability Mechanism, available at http://www.adb.org/Accountability-Mechanism/.
40. The Asian Development Bank, Relationship between Consultation Phase and Compliance Review Phase, in Office of the Special Project Facilitator,  available at www.adb.org/SPF/relationship.asp.
41. The Asian Development Bank, Who Can File a Complaint?, in Office of the Special Project Facilitator,  available at www.adb.org/SPF/who.asp.
42. The Asian Development Bank, Cooperation Between ADB and NGOs, in Cooperation with NGOs and Civil Society, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Policies/Cooperation_with_NGOs/default.asp?p=coopngos.
43. The Asian Development Bank, How NGOs can Work with ADB, in Cooperation with NGOs and Civil Society, www.adb.org/NGOs/contactpoints.asp.
44. Violeta Q. Perez-Corral, New ‘NGO Center’ at the ADB, Forum Briefer 01-17 at 2 (Apr. 2001), available at http://www.forum-adb.org/BACKUP/pdf/Briefers/0117.pdf (last visited Feb. 13, 2011). 
45. Agreement Establishing the Inter-American Development Bank art. 1, Apr. 8, 1959, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Legal-Documents/30718627-EN-AGREEMENT-ESTABLISHING-THE-AFRICAN-DEVELOPMENT-BANK-6TH-EDITION.PDF (last visited Feb. 13, 2011).
46. Bob Davis, Development Bank Rethinks Role, WALL ST. J., June 27, 2007, at A7.
47. Inter-American Development Bank, Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors of the Inter-American Development Bank ¶ 2.29 (2007).
48. Bank Information Center, IDB Restructuring: What Does it Mean?, Jan. 2007, http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.3096.aspx.
49. Inter-American Development Bank, Basic Organization Chart (2008), http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=1068261.
50. Bank Information Center, Tensions Rise Within the Inter-American Development Bank, June 22, 2007, http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.3413.aspx.
51. Inter-American Development Bank, Capital Stock and Voting Power (2005), http://www.iadb.org/aboutus/IV/go_voting.cfm?language=English.
52. Stephen D. Krasner, Power Structures and Regional Development Banks, 35 Int’l Organization, Spring 1981, at 303, 306–07 (1981).
53. Jonathan R. Strand, Measuring Voting Power in an Institution: The United States and the Inter-American Development Bank, 4 Economics of Governance 19 (April 2003).
54. Larry Rohter, As Did O.A.S., Bank Resists A Candidate Backed by U.S., N.Y. TIMES, July 27, 2005.
55. Inter-American Development Bank, Biographies, Luis Alberto Moreno (2007), http://www.iadb.org/en/about-us/departments/biographies,1347.html?bioID=4 (last visited Feb. 13, 2010).
56. Bank Information Center, Bank of the South, http://www.bicusa.org/en/Institution.Policies.21.aspx.
57. Alexei Barrionuevo, Chavez’s Plan for Development Bank Moves Ahead, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 22, 2007.
58. Bank of the South Announces $10 Billion Fund for Regional Development in South America, INT’L HERALD TRIB., June 28, 2008.
59. Board of Executive Directors, Inter-American Development Bank, Disclosure of Information Policy (2006), http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=784916.
60. Inter-American Development Bank, Office of Evaluation and Oversight: About Us, http://www.iadb.org/ove/.
61. Inter-American Development Bank, OVE: Country Project Evaluations (CPEs), http://www.iadb.org/ove/Default.aspx?Action=WUCHtmlContent@CPE.
62. Inter-American Development Bank, OVE: About Us, http://www.iadb.org/ove/.
63. Inter-American Development Bank, Camisea Project, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=PE0222.
64. Tom Griffiths, Amazon Watch, Holding the IDB and IFC to Account on Camisea II (2007), http://www.amazonwatch.org/documents/camiseaII_sept2007_web.pdf.
65. Bank Information Center, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the IDB Omits Damages to People and the Environment, June 2007, http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.3393.aspx.
66. Bank Information Center, Unaccountable and Unsustainable, IDB Champions Corporate Interests at Expense of Citizens, Apr. 3, 2008, http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.3715.aspx.
67. Bank Information Center, Brazil’s Environment Minister Quits in Protest, May 14, 2008, http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.3766.aspx.
68. Inter-American Development Bank, Operating Guidelines and Regulations for the Oversight Committee on Fraud and Corruption, http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=1156281.
69. Inter-American Development Bank, About the Office of Institutional Integrity (OII), http://www.iadb.org/integrity/oii.cfm?language=EN&parid=3&item1id=3.
70. Inter-American Development Bank, Office of Institutional Integrity, 2004 Annual Report fig. 2 (pg. 9) (2004), http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=515258. 
71. Inter-American Development Bank, Proposal for Enhancements to the Independent Inspection Mechanism: Draft Consultation and Compliance Review Policy, Feb. 3, 2005, http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=474362.
72. Inter-American Development Bank, Enhancements to the IIM Policy, http://www.iadb.org/aboutus/iii/independent_invest/iim_policy.cfm?language=english.
73. Inter-American Development Bank, Independent Investigation Mechanism 2007 Report (2008), http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=1365735.
74. Maartje van Putten, Bankwatch, Accountability Mechanisms in Other Multilateral Financial Institutions (2007), http://www.bankwatch.org/right_to_appeal/presentations/MvanPutten_final.pdf.     
75. Inter-American Development Bank, Independent Investigation Mechanism 2006 Report 3 (2007), http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=970608.
76. Bank Information Center, Record 2007 IDB Lending Comes at Expense of Environment, Communities, Apr. 7, 2008, http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.3723.aspx.
77. Inter-American Development Bank, Strategy for Promoting Citizen Participation 2, § 1.7 (2004), http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=483088.
78. Bank Information Center, IDB 2007 Civil Society Meeting in San Jose, Costa Rica – a Step Backwards? Feb. 2007, http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.3151.aspx.
79. Inter-American Development Bank, Civil Society Organizations, IDB-IIC 2008 Annual Meeting (2008), http://www.iadb.org/am/2008/civil_society.cfm?language=en. 
80. Agreement Establishing the African Development Bank art. 38, para. 2, July 2002 (6th ed.).
81. Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank art. 36, para. 2, Dec. 4, 1965.
82. Agreement Establishing the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development art. 1, May 29, 1990.
83. Stefan Wagstyl, Succession Row Casts Shadow Over EBRD, FIN. TIMES, Mar. 19, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/72adb782-f540-11dc-a21b-000077b07658.html#axzz1Dolzom97. 
84. Stefan Wagstyl, New IBRD Head Promises Review, FIN. TIMES, May 20, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0944986c-25f9-11dd-b510-000077b07658.html.
85. Statement by Hon. Otohiko Endo, Senior Vice Minister of Finance of Japan at the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (May 18, 2008), http://www.mof.go.jp/english/if/ebrd080518.htm.
86. EBRD Options, FIN. TIMES, May 18, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b8f07990-f51e-11dc-a21b-000077b07658.html#axzz1Dolzom97.
87. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, EBRD Sustainability Report 2006 at 69 (2006), http://www.corporateregister.com/a10723/ebrd06-sus-uk.pdf.
88. Michael Kooymans, Financial Institutions: the Case for Merit-Based Selection of Agency Heads 24–25 (Working Paper, May 2007), available at http://www.treasury.gov.au/documents/1264/RTF/Tsy_Working_Paper%202007-04_IFI_appointments.rtf.
89. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, About the EBRD, http://www.ebrd.com/pages/about.shtml.
90. Stephen D. Roper & Lilian A. Barria, Policy Preferences Among Multinational Banks 20 (Studies in Post-Communism Occasional Paper, No. 5, 2003), http://www.stfx.ca/pinstitutes/cpcs/studies-in-post-communism/Roper-Barria2003.pdf.
91. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Minutes of the Board Meeting of 12 May 2008 (2008), http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/board/080512.pdf. 
92. Global Transparency Initiative & CEE Bankwatch Network, Initial Comments on the EBRD Public Information Policy Review (2007), http://www.ifitransparency.org/uploads/7f12423bd48c10f788a1abf37ccfae2b/EBRDcomments_Dec07.pdf. 
93. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Sustainability Report 2007 at 55 (2007), http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/sustain/sus07.pdf. 
94. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, EBRD Environmental and Social Policy (2008), http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/policies/2008policy.pdf.
95. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Anti-Corruption Report 9 (2006), http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/integrity/acreport.pdf.
96. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Independent Recourse Mechanism: Annual Report for 2006 (2006), http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/policies/irm06.pdf.
97. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Independent Recourse Mechanism: Rules of Procedure 4.19 (2004), http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/policies/procedur.pdf.
98. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Independent Recourse Mechanism: Annual Report for 2007, (2007), http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/policies/irm07.pdf.
99. CEE Bankwatch Network, The Independent Recourse Mechanism, Three Years On Questions Remain and Who is it For – the EBRD or Those Affected by EBRD Projects? (2007), http://bankwatch.org/documents/IRM_three_years_06_07.pdf.
100. Nick Cohen, Trouble in Tashkent, OBSERVER, Dec. 15, 2002.

Part Five: The Global Financial Crisis

Part 5-I: What Gave Rise to the Global Financial Crisis?

1. Eric Beauchesne, Household Debt Now Rising Faster Than Wealth: CIBC, FIN. POST, Aug. 19, 2008, http://www.financialpost.com/personal-finance/story.html?id=732170.
2. LISSA LAMKIN BROOME & JERRY W. MARKHAM, THE GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY ACT: AN OVERVIEW, http://www.symtrex.com/pdfdocs/glb_paper.pdf.
3. Center for American Progress, Predatory Mortgages Afflict Lower Income Americans, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2006/12/mortgages.html (Dec. 20, 2006).
4. Clinton Signs Legislation Overhauling Banking Laws, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 13, 1999, at C3, available at http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/13/business/clinton-signs-legislation-ove....
5. Norma Cohen, Liquidity: Race Against the Storm, FIN. TIMES, Oct. 9, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f70a1b18-94ca-11dd-953e-000077b07658,dwp_uuid=....
6. Fed Chairman's Q&A on Financial Crisis, WALL ST. J., Oct. 16, 2008, available at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122409761899937343.html.
7. Federal Reserve Board, Putting Your Home on the Loan Line is Risky Business, http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/riskyhomeloans.
8. Federal Reserve Glossary, http://www.federalreserveeducation.org/FRED/glossary/glossary.cfm.
9. The Financial Crisis and the Role of Federal Regulators: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on Oversight and Government Reform, 110th Cong. (2008) (testimony of Dr. Alan Greenspan, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve).
10. Michael M. Grynbaum, Study Finds Flawed Practices at Ratings Firms, N.Y. TIMES, July 9, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/09/business/09credit.html?_r=2.
11. The Institutional Risk Analyst, A Global House of Cards: Interview with Josh Rosner, http://us1.institutionalriskanalytics.com/pub/IRAstory.asp?tag=269 (Apr. 7, 2008).
12. Paul Krugman, Just Say AAA, N.Y. TIMES, July 2, 2007, http://select.nytimes.com/2007/07/02/opinion/02krugman.html.
13. Stan Leibowitz, The Real Scandal: How Feds Invited the Mortgage Mess, N.Y. POST, Feb. 5, 2008, http://www.nypost.com/seven/02052008/postopinion/opedcolumnists/the_real....
14. David Leonhardt, Washington's Invisible Hand, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 26, 2008, at MM32, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/magazine/28wwln-reconsider.html.
15. Joe Miller & Brooks Jackson, Who Caused the Economic Crisis?, NEWSWEEK, Oct. 1, 2008, http://www.newsweek.com/id/161936.
16. NEIGHBORHOOD ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADVOCACY PROJECT (NEDAP), PAYING MORE FOR THE AMERICAN DREAM: THE SUBPRIME SHAKEOUT AND ITS IMPACT ON COMMUNITIES OF COLOR AND LOW INCOME NEIGHBORHOODS (2008), available at http://www.nedap.org/pressroom/documents/2008-03-06PayingMorePR.pdf.
17. Kimberley Palmer, The End of Credit Card Consumerism, U.S. NEWS & WORLD REP., Aug. 8, 2008, http://www.usnews.com/articles/business/economy/2008/08/08/the-end-of-cr....
18. R. QUERCIA ET AL, THE IMPACT OF PREDATORY LENDING ON SUBPRIME FORECLOSURES: THE SPECIAL CASE OF PREPAYMENT PENALTIES AND BALLOON PAYMENTS (2005), http://www.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/assets/documents/foreclosurepaper.pdf.
19. Reuters, Derivatives, Reuters Financial Glossary, http://glossary.reuters.com/index.php?title=Derivatives.
20. Reuters, Gearing, Reuters Financial Glossary, http://glossary.reuters.com/index.php?title=Gearing.
21. Joshua Rosner, Stopping the Subprime Crisis, N.Y. TIMES, July 25, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/25/opinion/25rosner.html.
22. Michelle Singletary, King's Dream Deferred: One More Victim of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis, WASH. POST, Feb. 10, 2008, at F01, available at http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/09/AR2008020900044.html/hpid=sec-business.
23. Amanda Stutt, Fighting Foreclosure: Subprime Borrowers Battle (and Beat) Lenders in Court, THE VILLAGE VOICE, Sept. 3, 2008, available at http://nedap.org/documents/2008-September-03_VillageVoice.pdf
24. U.S. Gov't Accountability Office, No. GAO-04-280, Consumer Protection: Federal and State Agencies Face Challenges in Combating Predatory Lending (2004), available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04280.pdf.
25. U.S. Gov't Accountability Office, No. GAO-06-929, Credit Cards: Increased Complexity in Rates and Fees Heightens Need for More Effective Disclosures to Consumers, Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate (2006), available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06929.pdf.
26. U.S. Gov't Accountability Office, No. GAO-08-78R, Home Mortgage Defaults and Foreclosures: Recent Trends and Associated Economic and Market Developments, Briefing to the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives (2008), available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0878r.pdf.
27. U.S. Gov't Accountability Office, No. GAO-05-1009SP, Understanding the Tax Reform Debate: Background, Criteria, & Questions (2005), available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d051009sp.pdf.
28. Press Release, U.S. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, SEC Examinations Find Shortcomings in Credit Rating Agencies' Practices and Disclosure to Investors (July 8, 2008), http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-135.htm.
29. MARK ZANDI, FINANCIAL SHOCK: A 360° LOOK AT THE SUBPRIME MORTGAGE IMPLOSION, AND HOW TO AVOID THE NEXT FINANCIAL CRISIS (2008).

Part 5-II: Why Did the Credit Crisis Spread to Global Markets?

1. Are Mark-to-Market Accounting Rules on the Mark?, Knowledge@Wharton, Finance and Investment, Apr. 1, 2009, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2195.
2. Adam Ashcraft & Til Schuermann, Understanding Securitization of Subprime Mortgage Credit, Staff Report #318 (March 2008).
3. Bryan J. Balin, Basel I, Basel II, and Emerging Markets: A Nontechnical Analysis, The Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, May 10, 2008, https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/32826/Basel I%2c Basel II%2c and Emerging Markets a Nontechnical Analysis052008.pdf?sequence=1.
4. Bank for International Settlements, Structured Finance: Complexity, Risk and the Use of Ratings, BIS Q. REV. (2005), available at http://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt0506f.pdf.
5. BANK OF ENGLAND, FINANCIAL STABILITY REPORT (OCTOBER 2008), available at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/fsr/2008/fsrfull0810.pdf.
6. Bank-to-bank lending thaws credit freeze, CNN MONEY.COM, Oct. 20, 2008, http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/20/markets/bondcenter/credit_market/index.htm.
7. Press Release, Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys., (June 26, 2008), available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/bcreg/20080626b.htm.
8. Keith Bradsher, Economic Uncertainty Spreads, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 10, 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/11/business/worldbusiness/11ripple.htm.
9. Katherine K. Bruce & Richard R. Zabel, Trapped with Toxic Assets: Addressing Mortgage-Backed Securities and Other Mortgage-Related Securities Losses, ROBINS, KAPLAN, MILLER & CIRESI, Jan. 26, 2009, http://www.rkmc.com/Trapped-with-Toxic-Assets-Addressing-Mortgage-Backed....
10. Frank Byrt, Ratings Agencies Step Up Pace of Alternative Mortgage-Backed Security Downgrades, FIN. WEEK, Aug. 17, 2007, http://www.financialweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070817/REG/708....
11. Ricardo Caballero, A Global Perspective on the Great Financial Insurance Run: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions (Part 1), VOX, Jan. 23, 2009, http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/2827.
12. Caijing.com.cn, Financial Crisis: Impact on China, http://english.caijing.com.cn/2008-11-04/110025848.html.
13. Calculated Risk: Finance and Economics, Banks Raise $136 Billion in Capital, Apr. 2, 2008, http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2008/04/table-banks-raise-136-billion-....
14. CELENT, COLLATERALIZED DEBT OBLIGATIONS MARKET (2005), http://reports.celent.com/PressReleases/20051031/CDOMarket.htm.
15. James S. Chanos, We Need Honest Accounting, WALL STREET J., Mar. 23, 2009, available at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123785319919419659.html.
16. COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, ASSET SECURITIZATION: COMPTROLLER'S HANDBOOK 21-22 (1997), available at http://www.occ.treas.gov/handbook/assetsec.pdf.
17. Christopher Cox, Testimony Concerning Turmoil in U.S. Credit Markets: Recent Actions Regarding Government Sponsored Entities, Investment Banks and Other Financial Institutions, Sept. 23, 2008, available at http://www.sec.gov/news/testimony/2008/ts092308cc.htm.
18. Paul J. Davies & Anoush Sakou, Sigma Collapse Marks End of SIV Era, FIN. TIMES, Oct. 1, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/18fbcd5c-8fe4-11dd-9890-0000779fd18c.html.
19. Ambrose Evans-Pritchard & Bruno Waterfield, European Banks' Toxic Debts Risk Overwhelming EU Governments, TELEGRAPH, Feb. 11, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/4593539/....
20. Fin. Accounting Standards Bd., Board Meeting Handout: Proposed FSP FAS 157-x Determining Whether a Market is Not Active and a Transaction is Not Distressed (March 16, 2009).
21. Chris Giles, Central Banks Become Lender of Only Resort, FIN. TIMES, Oct. 3, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/babe57a0-9137-11dd-b5cd-0000779fd18c.html.
22. Pallavi Gogoi, More Help for Banks: Valuing Assets Just Got Less Painful, USA TODAY, Apr. 3, 2009, available at http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/banking/2009-04-02-mark-to-mark....
23. Edward Iacobucci & Ralph Winter, Asset Securitization and Asymmetric Information, 34 J. LEGAL STUD. 161, 164 (2005), available at http://strategy.sauder.ubc.ca/winter/Iacobucci-Winter%20on%20Asset%20Sec....
24. Interbank Lending in Deep Freeze, BBC NEWS, Oct. 10, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7663225.stm.
25. Investopedia, Capital Asset Pricing Model (2009), http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capm.asp.
26. Investopedia, Yield, available at http://www.investopedia.com/terms/y/yield.asp (last visited Nov. 25, 2009).
27. Sam Jones et. al., Moody's Error Gave Top Ratings to Debt Products, FIN. TIMES, May 21, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f5ac406a-26d0-11dd-9c95-000077b07658.html.
28. Lisa Jucca & Emma Thomasson, Credit Suisse Posts Record Loss but 2009 Starts Well, REUTERS, Feb. 11, 2009, available at http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE51A1DX20090211.
29. VINOD KOTHARI, SECURITIZATION: THE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT OF THE FUTURE (2006) available at http://books.google.com/books?id=Vy00CVy5SS8C&pg=PA441&lpg=PA441&dq=re+s....
30. Lehman Brothers, Structured Credit Research: Credit Derivatives Explained (2001), available at http://www2.wu-wien.ac.at/vgsf/curriculum/Credit%20Derivatives%20Explain....
31. Anya Litvak, Mark-to-Market Accounting Rule Loosened, PITTSBURGH BUS. TIMES, Apr. 3, 2009, available at http://bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/stories/2009/03/30/daily69.html.
32. A Look at Wall Street's Shadow Market, 60 MINUTES, Oct. 5, 2008, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/10/05/60minutes/main4502454.shtml?so....
33. Janet Morrissey, Credit Default Swaps: The Next Crisis?, TIME, Mar. 17, 2007, available at http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1723152,00.html.
34. Nomura Fixed Income Research, CDOs-Squared Demystified, Feb. 4, 2005, available at http://www.securitization.net/pdf/Nomura/CDO-Squared_4Feb05.pdf.
35. Purged UBS Toxic Assets Total $38.7 Bln, AFP, Apr. 3, 2009, available at http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gKknDrbCkKxk_89c_NNMe....
36. Richard J. Rosen, The Role of Securitization in Mortgage Lending, CHICAGO FED LETTER 244 (November 2007), available at http://www.chicagofed.org/publications/fedletter/cflnovember2007_244.pdf.
37. Saskia Scholtes & Aline van Duyn, Ambac Left Reeling After Fitch Cuts Triple-A Rate, FIN. TIMES, Jan. 19, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c7edb82c-c634-11dc-8378-0000779fd2ac.html.
38. STEVEN L. SCHWARCZ, STRUCTURED FINANCE: A GUIDE TO THE PRINCIPLES OF ASSET SECURITIZATION (3d ed. 2007).
39. HAL S. SCOTT, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE: TRANSACTIONS, POLICY AND REGULATION (14th ed. 2007).
40. Mark Scott, European Banks: The Bailouts Continue, BUS. WK., Oct. 6, 2008, http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/oct2008/gb2008106_829836.h....
41. SEC. INDUS. & FIN. MKTS. ASS'N, ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES OUTSTANDING (2009), http://www.sifma.org/research/pdf/ABS_Outstanding.pdf.
42. SEC. INDUS. & FIN. MKTS. ASS'N, GLOBAL CDO MARKET ISSUANCE DATA (2008), http://www.sifma.org/research/pdf/SIFMA_CDOIssuanceData2008.pdf.
43. SECURITISATION OF DERIVATIVES AND ALTERNATIVE ASSET CLASSES: YEARBOOK 2005 41 (2005), available at http://books.google.com/books?id=2jzbhNaj8DQC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=cdo+cu....
44. Brad Setser: Follow the Money, Central Banks Were Not the Big Buyers of Synthetic Triple AAA (Jan. 28, 2009), http://blogs.cfr.org/setser/2009/01/28/central-banks-were-not-the-big-bu....
45. Aline van Duyn, Fed to Hold CDS Clearance Talks, FIN. TIMES, Oct. 7, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c1be9880-9407-11dd-b277-0000779fd18c.html.
46. Aline van Duyn et. al., US to Take Control of AIG, FIN. TIMES, Sept. 16, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/271257f2-83f1-11dd-bf00-000077b07658.html.
47. David Wighton, Citigroup in Embarassing Move to Consolidate $49bn of its SIVs, FIN. TIMES, Dec. 14, 2007, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8fcf3e48-a9e7-11dc-aa8b-0000779fd2ac.html.
48. Martin Wolf, Life Could Yet Follow Death for the Idea of Securitisation, FIN. TIMES, Oct. 3, 2007, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/36f57e1e-714c-11dc-98fc-0000779fd2ac.html?ncli....
49. World Credit Loss "£1.8 Trillion", BBC NEWS, Oct. 28, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7694275.stm.
50. MARK ZANDI, FINANCIAL SHOCK (2008).

Part 5-III: What Role Did Credit Rating Agencies Play in the Credit Crisis?

1. Adam B. Ashcraft & Til Schuermann, Understanding the Securitization of Subprime Mortgage Credit, FEDERAL BANK OF NEW YORK STAFF REPORTS 318 (Mar. 2008).
2. Jon Birger, The Woman Who Called Wall Street's Meltdown, FORTUNE, Aug. 6, 2008, available at http://money.cnn.com/2008/08/04/magazines/fortune/whitney_feature.fortun....
3. UWE BLAUROCK, CONTROL AND RESPONSIBILITY OF CREDIT RATING AGENCIES, IN GENERAL REPORTS OF THE XVIITH CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF COMPARATIVE LAW: RAPPORTS GÉNÉRAUX DU XVII CONGRÈS DE L'ACADÉMIE INTERNATIONALE DE DROIT COMPARE, (Seventeenth International Congress of Comparative Law, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2007).
4. Arturo Cifuentes, Testimony, Sen. Comm. On Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs: Turmoil in U.S. Credit Markets: The Role of Credit Rating Agencies (Apr. 22, 2008).
5. Winston Chang et. al., Emerging and Nonstandard Products: Rating Agency Perspective, in New Developments in Securitization, 2006, Practising Law Institute 693 (2006).
6. Joanna Chung, SEC Aims to Curb Ratings Dependency, FIN. TIMES, June 26, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fd5658a0-4318-11dd-81d0-0000779fd2ac.html.
7. Joanna Chung & Michael Mackenzie, SEC Finds Conflicts at Rating Agencies, FIN. TIMES, July 8, 2008, available at http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto07072008201 8368832.
8. George Cooper, Rethinking Credit Ratings, FORBES, Mar. 19, 2009, available at http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/19/relative-credit.ratings-markets-george-....
9. Credit Rating Agency Duopoly Relief Act of 2006, 109th Congress (2006).
10. Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006, Senate Report 109-326 (Sept. 6, 2006).
11. Jerome S. Fons & Frank Partnoy, Rated F for Failure, N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 16, 2009, at A23.
12. Joseph Philip Forte, Disruption in the Capital Markets: What Happened?, ALI-ABA CONTINUING LEGAL EDUCATION (Mar. 2008).
13. Joseph A. Giannone, Factbox-Top Issuers of CDOs, REUTERS, Nov. 9, 2007, available at http://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0927796020071109.
14. Pallavi Gogoi, Credit Raters' Judgment Questioned: House Panel Grills Execs, USA TODAY (Oct. 23, 2008), at 3B.
15. David Gow, EU Moves to Tighten Up Ratings Agency Regulation in Aftermath of Sub-Prime Fiasco, THE GUARDIAN, July 9, 2008, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/09/eu-creditcrunch/print.
16. Krishna Guha, Paulson Backs Bank Bonds Plan, FIN. TIMES, Mar. 14, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5741144c-f169-11dc-a91a-0000779fd2ac.html.
17. House Committee on Financial Services, The role of credit rating agencies in the structured finance market: hearing before the Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises of the Committee on Finance, 110th Congress (Sept. 27, 2007), available at http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS90918.
18. Henry Klehm III & Jones Day, Current Issues in Broker-Dealer Regulation in the Post-Credit Crisis Environment, Practising Law Institute 801 (Oct. 29, 2008).
19. Roger Lowenstein, Triple-A Failure, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 27, 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/magazine/27Credit-t.html?pagewanted=print.
20. M.P. McQueen, Insurance Regulators Study Raters, WALL ST. J., Oct. 17, 2008, at C2.
21. Panel Grills Credit Raters over Inflated Ratings, ASSOCIATED PRESS, Oct. 22, 2008.
22. George Parker, EU Leaders Take Credit Rating Agencies to Task, FIN. TIMES, Jan. 30, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms.s/0/d0ab3b4c-ced4-11dc-877a-000077b07658.html?ncli....
23. Frank Partnoy, The Paradox of Credit Ratings, in RATINGS, RATING AGENCIES AND THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM 65, 68 (Richard M. Levich et. al. eds., 2002).
24. Neil Roland, SEC Preparing to Lasso Credit Rating Agencies: Critics Focus on ABS Rules, Which Could Cost Raters $130 Million a Year, FIN. WK., June 16, 2008, available at http://www.financialweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080616/REG/641....
25. Kara Scannell & Aaron Lucchetti, SEC Tightens Rules for Ratings Firms, WALL ST. J., Dec. 4, 2008, at C3.
26. SEC. & EXCH. COMM'N, REPORT ON THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF CREDIT RATING AGENCIES IN THE OPERATION OF THE SECURITIES MARKETS: AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 702(B) OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 (2004).
27. Press Release, Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, Seven Credit Rating Agencies Register with SEC as Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (Sept. 24, 2007), available at http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2007/2007-199.htm.
28. SEC. & EXCH. COMM'N, SUMMARY REPORT OF ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE COMMISSION STAFF'S EXAMINATIONS OF SELECT CREDIT RATING AGENCIES BY THE STAFF OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (2008), available at http://www.sec.gov/news/studies/2008/craexamination070808.pdf.
29. Henny Sender et. al., Lehman in Desperate Rescue Hunt, FIN. TIMES, Sept. 13, 2007, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/306f879c-812c-11dd-82dd-000077b07658.html.
30. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Assessing the current oversight and operations of credit rating agencies: hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, 109th Congress, 481 (Mar. 7, 2006), available at http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS90775.
31. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Examining the role of credit rating agencies in the captial [sic] markets : hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, 109th Congress (Feb. 8, 2005) available at http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS73647.
32. TIMOTHY J. SINCLAIR, THE NEW MASTERS OF CAPITAL: AMERICAN BOND RATING AGENCIES AND THE POLITICS OF CREDITWORTHINESS (2005).
33. THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF SECURITIES COMMISSIONS (IOSCO), CODE OF CONDUCT FUNDAMENTALS FOR CREDIT RATING AGENCIES (2004) available at http://www.iosco.org/library/pubdocs/pdf/IOSCOPD180.pdf.
34. THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF SECURITIES COMMISSIONS (IOSCO), REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF CREDIT RATING AGENCIES (2003).
35. Gillian Tett, S&P Is First to Detail Reform Proposals, FIN. TIMES, Feb. 7, 2008, available at http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto020620081917227075.
36. Aaron Unterman, Innovative Destruction—Structured Finance and Credit Market Reform in the Bubble Era, 5 HASTINGS BUS. L. REV. 53 (2009).
37. Aline van Duyn, Influence of Ratings Agencies Questioned, FIN. TIMES, Sept. 17, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a11edb08-8426-11dd-bf00-000077b07658,dwp_uuid=....
38. Patrick Van Roy, Credit Ratings and the Standardised Approach to Credit Risk in Basel II (European Central Bank Working Paper 517, 2005), available at http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp517.pdf.
39. Lawrence J. White, The Credit Rating Industry: An Industrial Organization Analysis, in RATINGS, RATING AGENCIES AND THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM 41, 43 (Richard M. Levich et. al. eds., 2002).

Part 5-IV: Major Financial Institutions in the Crisis: What Happened and Governments' Responses

1. 1 AIG's New Bailout Package: Banks Can Unload CDOs, NEWSWEEK, http://www.newsweek.com/id/161199.
2. Jenny Anderson, Shares of Lehman Brothers Take a Beating, NY TIMES, July 11, 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/business/11lehman.html?scp=7&sq=lehman....
3. Edmund L. Andrews, et al, Fed's $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer, NY TIMES, Sep. 17, 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/17/business/17insure.html?partner=rssnyt.
4. Bear Run: Why the Fed Had to Bail Out Bear Stearns, Slate.com, Mar. 18, 2008, available at http://www.slate.com/id/2186792/.
5. Bear Stearns Cos., Inc., NY TIMES, available at http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/bear_stearns_compa... (last visited Oct. 20, 2008).
6. SHARON BLEI, THE BRITISH TRIPARTITE SUPERVISION SYSTEM IN THE FACE OF THE NORTHERN ROCK RUN, http://stlouisfed.org/banking/SPA/WorkingPapers/SPA_2008_01.pdf.
7. William D. Cohan, Inside the Bear Stearns Boiler Room, FORTUNE, Mar. 4, 2009, available at http://money.cnn.com/2009/03/02/magazines/fortune/cohan_houseofcards.for... (originally published in WILLIAM D. COHAN, HOUSE OF CARDS: A TALE OF HUBRIS AND WRETCHED EXCESS ON WALL STREET (2009)).
8. William D.Cohan, Where Are They Now?, FORTUNE, Mar. 4, 2009, available at http://money.cnn.com/2009/03/02/magazines/fortune/cohan_houseofcards5.fo... (originally published in WILLIAM D. COHAN, HOUSE OF CARDS: A TALE OF HUBRIS AND WRETCHED EXCESS ON WALL STREET (2009)).
9. William D. Cohan, Trading Securities and Ferraris, FORTUNE, Mar. 4, 2009, available at http://money.cnn.com/2009/03/02/magazines/fortune/cohan_houseofcards2.fo... (originally published in WILLIAM D. COHAN, HOUSE OF CARDS: A TALE OF HUBRIS AND WRETCHED EXCESS ON WALL STREET (2009)).
10. William D. Cohan, Goldman Questions Bear's Marks, FORTUNE, Mar. 4, 2009, available at http://money.cnn.com/2009/03/02/magazines/fortune/cohan_houseofcards5.fo... (originally published in WILLIAM D. COHAN, HOUSE OF CARDS: A TALE OF HUBRIS AND WRETCHED EXCESS ON WALL STREET (2009)).
11. Conde Nast Portfolio.com, The Bear Facts, Mar. 14, 2008, available at http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/top-5/2008/03/14/The-Bear-Facts.
12. The End of Lehman Brothers, FINANCIAL TIMES, Sept. 15, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2c0c5d82-8344-11dd-907e-000077b07658,dwp_uuid=... (last visited Oct. 21, 2008)
13. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in Turmoil, FINANCIAL TIMES, July 10, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/019a648c-4e91-11dd-ba7c-000077b07658.html.
14. Martin Farris, What Happened to Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac and Why You Should Care, GoSanAngelo.com, http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2008/jul/17/martin-farris-what-happened-....
15. A History of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, FINANCIAL TIMES, July 15, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e3e1d654-5288-11dd-9ba7-000077b07658.html.
16. JPMorgan to Buy Bear Stearns for $236 Million, FINANCIAL TIMES, Mar. 16, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2206ed2-f380-11dc-b6bc-0000779fd2ac.html.
17. JPMorgan Lifts Bear Offer Fivefold, FINANCIAL TIMES, Mar. 24, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/35054692-f9a6-11dc-9b7c-000077b07658.html.
18. David Kestenbaum, Fed Loosens Rules for Ailing Investment Banks, Morning Edition, NPR.org, Sept. 16, 2008, available at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94648959.
19. Peter T. Larson & Lina Saigol, Nomura Offers Bonuses to Lehman Staff, FINANCIAL TIMES, Sept. 25, 2008, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f19451ac-8b39-11dd-b634-0000779fd18c.html.
20. Stephen Labaton & Steve Weisman, U.S. Weighs Takeover of Two Mortgage Giants, NY TIMES, July 11, 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/business/11fannie.html?scp=4&sq=fannie....
21. The Last Days of Bear Stearns, FORTUNE, Mar. 31, 2008, available at http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/28/magazines/fortune/boyd_bear.fortune/.
22. Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns: What's the Difference?, CATO Institute, Sept. 25, 2008, available at http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9665.
23. Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc., NY TIMES, available at http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/lehman_brothers_ho... (last visited Jan. 14, 2009).
24. Lehman Credit Spreads Widen Amid KDB Speculation, REUTERS, Sept. 5, 2008, available at http://www.reuters.com/article/etfNews/idUSN0541638220080905.
25. Lehman Weighs Split to Shed Troubling Loans, NY TIMES, Sept. 4, 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/05/business/05lehman.html?_r=1&em.
26. Lehman Files for Bankruptcy; Merrill is Sold, NY TIMES, Sept. 14, 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/business/15lehman.html.
27. Lessons of the Fall, THE ECONOMIST, Oct. 18, 2007, available at http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_JJRRRGV.
28. Barry Meir and Mary Williams Walsh, A.I.G. to Get Additional $37.8 Billion, NY TIMES, Oct. 8, 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/09/business/economy/09insure.html.
29. Gretchen Morgenson, Behind AIG's Crisis, a Blind Eye to Risk, NEW YORK TIMES, Sep. 28, 2008 http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/american_internati....
30. Gretchen Morgenson, The Fannie and Freddie Fallout, NY TIMES, July 13, 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/13/business/13gret.html?_r=1&scp=5&sq=fan....
31. Mutually Assured Mayhem, BUSINESSWEEK, July 9, 2007, available at http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_28/b4042037.htm?chan=search (last visited Oct. 20, 2008).
32. Newscientist, The Blunders That Led to the Banking Crisis, Sept. 25, 2008, available at http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19926754.200-the-blunders-that-led....
33. Joe Nocera & Edmund L. Andrews, The Reckoning: Struggling to Keep Up as the Crisis Raced On, NY TIMES, Oct. 23, 2008, at A1.
34. Matthew Phillips, The Monster that Ate Wall Street, NEWSWEEK, Oct. 6, 2008, available at http://www.newsweek.com/id/161199.
35. Press Release, Securities & Exchange Comm'n, Chairman Cox Announces End of Consolidated Supervised Entity Program, Sept. 26, 2008, available at http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-230.htm.
36. Q&A: Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac, Al Jazeera, Sept, 10, 2008, available at http://english.aljazeera.net/business/2008/09/20089971713856139.html.
37. Red Flags in Bear Stearns Collapse, USA TODAY, Mar. 19, 2008, available at http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/banking/2008-03-17-bear-stearns....
38. Securities & Exchange Comm'n, SEC Rulemaking and Other Initiatives, http://www.sec.gov/about/offices/oia/oia_rulemaking.htm (last visited Jan. 26, 2009).
39. Securities & Exchange Comm'n, Consolidated Supervision of Broker-Dealer Holding Companies, Program Overview and Assessment Criteria, http://www.sec.gov/divisions/marketreg/consupervision.htm (last visited Jan. 26, 2009).
40. Andrew R. Sorkin, JP Morgan Pays $2 a Share for Bear Stearns, NY TIMES, Mar. 17, 2008.
41. Hugh Son, AIG Taps $90.3 Billion From Government Credit Line, Bloomberg.com, Oct. 24, 2008 http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aNYcIjrc7.g4&refer=us.
42. Andrew R. Sorkin, Lehman Files for Bankruptcy, Merrill is Sold, NY TIMES, Sept. 14, 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/business/15lehman.html?scp=9&sq=lehman....
43. Louise Story & Ben White, The Road to Lehman's Failure Was Littered With Lost Chances, NY TIMES, Oct. 6, 2008, at B1.
44. Wisegeek.com, What Happened to Bear Stearns?, available at http://www.wisegeek.com/what-happened-to-bear-stearns.htm (last visited Oct. 30, 2009).
45. U.S. Securities & Exchange Comm'n, Short Sales (Apr. 19, 2006), available at http://www.sec.gov/answers/shortsale.htm (last visited Oct. 21, 2008).
46. U.S. Seizes Fannie and Freddie, CNN MONEY, Sept. 7, 2008, available at http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/07/news/companies/fannie_freddie/index.htm?....
47. They All Fall Down, NEWSWEEK, Sept. 15, 2008, available at http://www.newsweek.com/id/159010.
48. Juilia Werdigier, Government to Control Struggling British Bank, NY TIMES, Feb. 18, 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/18/business/worldbusiness/18northern.html.
49. What Are the Origins of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?, History News Network, Dec. 8, 2003, available at http://hnn.us/articles/1849.html.
50. Why They Let Lehman Die, CNNMoney, Sept. 15, 2008, available at http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/why_bear_not_lehman/index....
51. Why Lehman's Failure is the Best Outcome, The Motley Fool, Sept. 15, 2008, available at http://www.fool.com/investing/value/2008/09/15/why-lehmans-failure-is-th....
52. Why They Let Lehman Die, CNNMoney, Sept. 15, 2008, available at http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/why_bear_not_lehman/index....
53. Why Lehman Brothers is Not Bear Stearns, MarketBeat, Sept. 11, 2008, available at http://blogs.wsj.com/marketbeat/2008/09/11/why-lehman-brothers-is-not-be....

Part 5-V: How Did the Central Banks in the U.S. and Europe React to the Global Financial Crisis?

1. Olivier Armantier et al., The Federal Reserve's Term Auction Facility, 14 CURRENT ISSUES IN ECON. & FIN. 5 (2008).
2. Associated Press, Bush to Address Nation Tonight on Economy Woes, NPR.ORG, Sept. 24, 2008, http://www.npr.org/ templates/story/story.php?storyId=94868825.
3. Jonathan Cable, Bank Has Reached Limit on QE, REUTERS UK, Oct. 1, 2009, http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE5904FN20091001?pageNumber=2&virtual....
4. Michael Casey, Fed's Fisher: Policy Exit Needed Once Growth Gains Traction, WALL STREET J., Sept. 29, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20090929-708350.html.
5. James C. Cooper, The Bailout Balancing Act Could Work, BUSINESS WEEK, Sept. 18, 2008, http://www.businessweek.com/ magazine/content/08_39/b4101012026643.htm.
6. European Central Bank, http://www.ecb.int/press/govcdec/ html/index.en.html (last visited Oct. 22, 2008).
7. Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, European Central Bank Falls into Line and Embraces Quantitative Easing, THE TELEGRAPH, May 7, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/5292781....
8. Press Release, Federal Reserve (March 18, 2009), http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20090318a.htm.
9. Press Release, Federal Reserve, (Sept. 24, 2008) http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20080924a.htm.
10. Financial Services Authority, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pages/About/What/index.shtml (last visited Oct. 23, 2008).
11. Stephen Foley & Sean Farrell, Central Banks Act on Credit Crunch, BUSINESS WEEK, Dec. 13, 2007, http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2007/gb20071213_288609.htm.
12. Chris Giles, Central Banks Become Lender of Only Resort, FINANCIAL TIMES, Oct. 4, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fc44e6c4-91ac-11dd-b5cd-0000779fd18c.html.
13. Chris Giles, G7 Ministers Agree Joint Action, FINANCIAL TIMES, Oct. 11, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ 1ae972fa-96f5-11dd-8cc4-000077b07658,dwp_uuid=715c2e08-9078-11dd-8abb-0000779fd18c.html.
14. Simon Gray & Peter Stella, IMF Assesses Central Banks' Reaction, INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND SURVEY MAGAZINE: POLICY, Jan. 15, 2008, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/ 2008/POL0115A.htm.
15. Her Majesty's Treasury, http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/about_index.htm (last visited Apr. 8, 2009).
16. DAVID HOWARTH & PETER LOEDEL, THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK: THE NEW EUROPEAN LEVIATHAN (2005).
17. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, GLOBAL FINANCIAL STABILITY REPORT: CONTAINING SYSTEMIC RISKS AND RESTORING FINANCIAL SOUNDNESS (2008), available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ ft/gfsr/2008/01/index.htm.
18. Investopedia.com, http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Discount+Window (last visited September 25, 2008).
19. Neil Irwin, Fed to Pump $1.2 Trillion into Markets, WASHINGTON POST, Mar. 19, 2009, at A01.
20. Chris Isidore, Federal Reserve to Buy Loans Crucial to Business to Unfreeze Markets, CNNMONEY.COM, Oct. 7, 2008, http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/07/news/economy/fed_commercial_paper/index.....
21. iStockAnalyst.com, http://www.istockanalyst.com/ article/viewarticle+articleid_2631742.html (last visited Sept. 25, 2008).
22. MARK JICKLING, AVERTING FINANCIAL CRISIS (2008), http://opencrs.com/document/RL34412.
23. Scott Lanham, Federal Reserve Doubles Lending as Crisis Worsens, BLOOMBERG.COM, Sept. 25, 2008, http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20670001&refer=home&sid=a8q4WXnKPtgw.
24. Simone Meier & Gabi Thesing, Trichet Says ECB Can Still Cut Benchmark Rate Further, BLOOMBERG, Apr. 2, 2009, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aUn6warWGUys&refer=home.
25. Memorandum from Davis Polk & Wardwell (Oct. 4, 2008), http://www.davispolk.com/files/Publication/6c055ccf-c8c6-4873-be51-2b200...
26. More Haste, and Much More Speed, FINANCIAL TIMES, Oct. 10, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/87d9e80a-96f9-11dd-8cc4-000077b07658,dwp_uuid=....
27. Rick Newman, A New Direction on Wall Street: The Feds Take Unprecedented Actions to Save the Financial System, U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, Sept. 19, 2008, http://www.businessweek.com/ magazine/content/08_39/b4101012026643.htm.
28. Reuters, SNB's Roth Confident about UBS Future, REUTERS, Mar. 28, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/rbss/FinancialServicesAndRealEstateNews/i....
29. KENNETH ROGOFF, DO CENTRAL BANKS HAVE AN EXIT STRATEGY? (2008), http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2008/0915_central_banks_rogoff.aspx.
30. Swiss National Bank, http://www.snb.ch/en/iabout/snb (last visited Oct. 7, 2008).
31. TREASURY DEPT., REPORT TO CONGRESS ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND EXCHANGE RATE POLICIES (2008), http://www.treas. gov/offices/international-affairs/economic-exchangerates/ 052008_report.pdf.
32. Kara Westercamp, A Crack in the Facade and the Whole Building Came Tumbling Down: A Critical Examination of the Central Banks' Response to the Subprime Mortgage Loan Crisis and Global Financial Market Turmoil (unpublished note, on file with Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems).
33. MARK ZANDI, FINANCIAL SHOCK: A 360 LOOK AT THE SUBPRIME MORTGAGE IMPLOSION, AND HOW TO AVOID THE NEXT FINANCIAL CRISIS (2009).

Part 5-VI: Immediate Actions Taken by the U.S. and European Governments

1. Bailout Fever: Ireland Guarantees All Bank Deposits, Debts, LATIMES.COM, Sept. 30, 2008, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/money_co/2008/09/after-congress.html.
2. BBC NEWS, Germany Sets Bank Bailout Rules, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7679454.stm (last visited Mar. 9, 2010).
3. Myra Butterworth, Bank Bailouts: How They Happened, TELEGRAPH.CO.UK, Nov. 4, 2009, available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/6494685/Bank-bailouts....
4. Press Release, Department of the Treasury, Capital Assistance Program, http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/reports/tg40_capwhitepaper.pdf (last visited Mar. 9, 2010).
5. Department of the Treasury, Fact Sheet on Capital Purchase Program, FINANCIALSTABILITY.GOV, Mar. 2, 2010, http://www.financialstability.gov/docs/fact-sheet.pdf
6. Department of the Treasury, Fact Sheet on Capital Purchase Program, FINANCIALSTABILITY.GOV, Mar. 17, 2009, http://www.financialstability.gov/roadtostability/CPPfactsheet.htm.
7. Department of the Treasury, Homeowner Affordability and Stability Plan Fact Sheet, Treasury.gov, February 18, 2009, http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/eesa/homeowner-affordability-plan/Fa....
8. Press Release, Department of the Treasury, New Restrictions on Executive Compensation, http://www.financialstability.gov/latest/tg15.html (last visited Mar. 9, 2010).
9. Press Release, Department of the Treasury, Public-Private Investment Program Fact Sheet, http://treas.gov/press/releases/reports/ppip_fact_sheet.pdf (last visited Mar. 9, 2010).
10. Department of the Treasury, TARP Transaction Report, FINANCIALSTABILITY.GOV, Jan. 15, 2010, http://www.financialstability.gov/docs/transaction-reports/1-15-10%20Tra...
11. Press Release, Department of the Treasury, Unlocking Credit for Small Businesses Fact Sheet, Mar. 16, 2009, http://www.treasury.gov/press/releases/tg58.htm.
12. Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, Pub. L. No. 110-343, (2008) available at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills....
13. EUBusiness.com, EU Clears Revised French Bank Bailout Plan,
14. http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1233167530.76/ (last visited Mar. 10, 2010).
15. EUbusiness.com, EU Clears Revised French Bank Bailout Plan, http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1233167530.76/ (last visited Mar. 9, 2010)
16. European Union, Deposit Guarantee Schemes, http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/bank/guarantee/index_en.htm (last visited Mar. 9, 2010).
17. David Gow, Switzerland Unveils Bank Bailout Plan, GUARDIAN.CO.UK, Oct. 16, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/oct/16/ubs-creditsuisse.
18. Edward Hugh, Training Session on the Spanish Bank Bailout, ROUBINI, Oct. 28, 2008, http://www.rgemonitor.com/euro-monitor/254096/training_session_on_the_sp....
19. Ireland On-line, Chambers Ireland Welcomes Nama Legislation, http://breakingnews.iol.ie/news/ireland/eymheyaumhgb/ (last visited Mar. 10, 2010).
20. Ireland Sees "Bad Bank" Law Enacted Early November, REUTERS, Nov. 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssBanks/idUSDUB00305520091014.
21. Jon Menon & Andrew MacAskill, RBS, Lloyds Get $51 Billion in Second Bank Bailout, BLOOMBERG.COM, Nov. 3, 2009, available at http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a5nRbfrx7ZQc.
22. Money Guide Ireland, NAMA - National Asset Management Agency, http://www.moneyguideireland.com/nama-national-asset-management-agency.html (last visited Mar. 10, 2010).
23. Brian Parkin & Rainer Buergin, Germany Said to Consider New "Bad Bank" Plan for Toxic Assets, BLOOMBERG.COM, Mar. 14, 2009, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aVZmxkR02mwE&refer=w....
24. Matthew Saltmarsh & Julia Werdigier, Switzerland Sells Stake in UBS for a Profit, N. Y. TIMES, Aug. 20, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/business/global/21iht-ubs.html.
25. Gonzalo Vina & John Fraher, Brown Tightens Grip on Banks as Recession Worsens, BLOOMBERG.COM, Jan. 19, 2010, available at http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601068&sid=aCKRyD7vWfnE&refer=home.
26. Jonathan Weisman & David Enrich, Obama Unveils Proposal on Bank Taxes, WALL ST. J., Jan. 10, 2009, available at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405274870428120457500250265683971....

Part 5-VII: Post-Crisis Financial Regulatory Reform

1. Amendments to Rules for Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations, 17 C.F.R. pts. 240 & 249b (2009), available at http://www.sec.gov/rules/final/2009/34-59342.pdf.
2. Press Release, Bank for International Settlements, Basel II Capital Framework Enhancements Announced by the Basel Committee (Jul. 13, 2009), available at http://www.bis.org/press/p090713.htm.
3. Department of the Treasury, A New Foundation: Rebuilding Financial Supervision and Regulation (Oct. 27, 2009), available at http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/issues/financial_crisis/financialregulatoryreformFinalReport_web.pdf
4. Ensuring Efficient, Safe and Sound Derivatives Markets: Future Policy Actions, COM (2009) 563/4 (Oct. 20, 2009), available at http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/financialmarkets/docs/derivatives/20091020_563_en.pdf.
5. Press Release, Europe Commission, Commission Adopts Legislative Proposals to Strengthen Financial Supervision in Europe (Sept. 23, 2009), available at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do? reference=IP/09/1347&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.
6. Press Release, European Parliament, Credit Rating Agencies: Partially responsible for the Current Financial Crisis Say MEPs (Apr. 23, 2009) available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language= EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20090422IPR54187.
7. Press Release, European Parliament, Major Step Towards Financial Stability: European Market for Credit Default Swaps Becomes Safer (Jul. 31, 2009), available at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction .do?reference=IP/09/1215.
8. Press Release, Financial Accounting Standards Board, Remarks of Robert H. Herz, Chairman, FASB: AICPA National Conference on Current SEC and PCAOB Developments (Dec. 9, 2009), available at http://www.fasb.org/cs/ContentServer?c=Document_C&pagename= FASB%2FDocument_C%2FDocumentPage&cid=1176156571228.
9. Michael S. Gambro, The Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act: Reforms to the Asset Backed Securitization Process and the Regulation of Credit Rating Agencies, Mar. 15, 2011, Cadwalader, Wikersham & Taft LLP, http://www.pbi.org/resources/extras/pli_extras/6718_inst_inv/0915_Gambro.pdf.
10. Press Release, House Committee on Financial Services, Consumer Financial Protection Agency (Mar. 12, 2009), available at http://financialservices.house.gov/Key_Issues/Financial_Regulatory_ Reform/FinancialRegulatoryReform/HR4173_summaries_by_title/title_IV_CFPA_120309.pdf.
11. Press Release, House Committee on Financial Services, Miller, Watt and Frank Introduce National Mortgage Reform and Anti-Predatory Lending Bill (Mar. 26, 2009), available at http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/financialsvcs_dem/press0326098.shtml.
12. Press Release, International Accounting Standards Board, IASB Expert Advisory Panel: Measuring and Disclosing the Fair Value of Financial Instruments in Markets That Are No Longer Active (Oct. 2008), available at http://www.iasb.org/NR/rdonlyres/0E37D59C-1C74-4D61-A984-8FAC61915010/0/IASB_Expert_Advisory_Panel_October_ 2008.pdf.
13. Huw Jones, UPDATE 3-EU Derivatives Industry Deal on Clearing Collapses, REUTERS, Jan. 6, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSL638283320090106.
14. Ian Katz, FASB Eases Fair-Value Rules Amid Lawmaker Pressure, BLOOMBERG.COM, Apr. 2, 2009, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=agfrKseJ94jc.
15. Marc Labonte, Congressional Research Service, The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act: Systematic Risk and the Federal Reserve, Aug. 27, 2010, http://www.llsdc.org/attachments/files/240/CRS-R41384.pdf.

Part Six: The European Sovereign Debt Crisis

Part 6-I: The Creation and Flaws of the European Economic and Monetary Union

1. Anne Brunila et al., The Stability and Growth Pact: The Architecture of Fiscal Policy in EMU (2001).
2. Anthony Annett, Enforcement and the Stability and Growth Pact: How Fiscal Policy Did and Did Not Change Under Europe’s Fiscal Framework, IMF Working Paper (May 2006), http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp06116.pdf.
3. European Union, EMU @ 10: Success and Challenges After Ten Years of Economic and Monetary Union (2008), http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu10/emu10report_en.pdf.
4. Hal S. Scott & Anna Gelpern, International Finance: Transactions, Policy, and Regulation (18th ed., 2011).
5. Jacques Van Ypersele, The European Monetary System (1987).
6. James Savage, Making the EMU: The Politics of Budgetary Surveillance and the Enforcement of Maastricht (2005).
7. John Chown, A History of Monetary Unions (1^st ed., 2003)
8. Luis Gordo & Joao Nogueira, How Reliable Are The Statistic for the Stability and Growth Pact? (Economic and Financial Affairs 2007), available at http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance /publications/publication770_en.pdf.
9. Mads Andenas et al., European Economic and Monetary Union, The Institutional Framework (1997).
10. Malcom Levitt & Christopher Lord, The Political Economy of Monetary Union (2000).
11. Mathew Gabel, European Union, History (Mar. 9, 2012), http://history.com/topics/european-union-eu.
12. Michael Bordo & Jonung Lars, The Future of EMU: What does the History of Monetary Unions Tell Us? National Bureau of Economic Research (Oct 1, 2011), available at http://www.nber.org/papes/w7365.pdf.
13. Michael J. Baun, The Maastricht Treaty as High Politics: Germany, France, and European Integration, 110 Pol. Sci. Q. 605, 624 (1995), available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2151886.
14. Peter Coffey, The European Monetary System – Past, Present and Future (1984).
15. Raymond J. Ahearn et al., The Future of the Eurozone and U.S. Interests, Congressional Research Service (Jan. 17, 2012), http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41411.pdf.
16. Tom Kokkola, The Payment System: Payments, Securities and Derivatives, and the Role of the Eurosystem, European Central Bank (2010), available at http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/other/paymentsystem201009en.pdf

Part 6-II: The Spread of the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

1. Suhail Abboushi, Analysis and Outlook of the Greek Financial Crisis (conference paper), http://www.jgbm.org/page/9%20Suhail%20Abboushi.pdf (last visited Mar. 29, 2012).
2. A contagious Irish Disease? Economist, Nov. 25, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/17577107.
3. Francesco Aiello & Vincenzo Scoppa, Uneven Regional Development in Italy: Explaining Differences in Productivity Levels, http://www.ecostat.unical.it/aiello/GdEAEAiello-Scoppa.PDF.
4. Liz Alderman & Rachel Donadio, Debt Contagion Threatens Italy, N.Y. Times, July 11, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/business/global/italy-evolves-into-eus....
5. Christopher Alessi, The Eurozone in Crisis, Wall St. J., Dec. 2, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110526-715525.html.
6. Sarah Anderson, Europe Taking Lead on Speculations Tax, Foreign Policy in Focus (June 30, 2011), http://www.fpif.org/articles/europe_taking_lead_on_speculations_tax.
7. André Azevedo Alves, The Portuguese Malaise: Structural Causes of the Crisis and Lessons for the Eurozone, 31 Econ. Affairs 47 (2011).
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67. Philippe Legrain, A New European Growth Agenda, European Voice.com (Feb. 21, 2012), http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2012/february/a-new-european-growth....
68. Jonathan Llhost, The Cause, Effects, and Implications of Financial Contagion, About.com. Econ., http://economics.about.com/cs/moffattentries/a/contagion.htm (last visited Mar. 29, 2012).
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71. Carol Matlack & Peter Coy, Berlusconi May Be Going But Italy’s Problems Will Stay, Bloomberg Businessweek, Nov. 10, 2011, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/berlusconi-may-be-going-but-italys-....
72. Lucy Meakin, Italian 10-Year Bonds Decline; Yield Advances to 5.41 Percent, Bloomberg News, Apr. 5, 2012,
73. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-04-05/italian-10-year-bonds-declin....
74. Richard Milnie, S&P Downgrades Italy’s Credit Rating, Fin. Times, Sept. 20, 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f48542f0-e346-11e0-8f47-00144feabdc0.html....
75. Gill Montia, EU Reforms Credit Rating Agency Regulation, Banking Times, Nov. 17, 2011, http://www.bankingtimes.co.uk/2011/11/16/eu-reforms-credit-rating-agency-regulation/.
76. Moody’s Downgrades Nine Portuguese Banks, CNBC (Oct. 7, 2011), http://www.cnbc.com/id/44812493/Moody_s_Downgrades_Nine_Portuguese_Banks.
77. Kevin M. Murphy, et al. Why Is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growth, 83 New Developments in Development 409 (May 1993),
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92. Emma Rowley, Global Stock Markets Fall as Spain Default Fears Grow, Telegraph, May 24, 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/gilts/8531830/Global-stock-....
93. Dominic Rushe, Italy’s Debt Crisis: 10 Reasons to Be Fearful, Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/nov/09/italys-debt-crisis-ten-re....
94. Cillian Ryan, The Euro Crisis and Crisis Management: Big Lessons from a Small Island, 8 Int’l. Econ. Policy 31 (2001).
95. Steve Schaefer, Italy’s Berlusconi Resigns After Austerity Measure Passes, Forbes, Nov. 12, 2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/samanthashaddock/2011/11/12/italy-passes-aus....
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97. Spain, N.Y. Times (Jan. 20, 2012),  http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/spain/index.html.
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106. Chiara Vasarri & Lorenzo Totaro, IMF Cuts Italy’s 2012 Growth Forecast to 0.3% From Previous 1.3% Estimate, Bloomberg (Sept. 20, 2011), http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-20/imf-cuts-italy-s-2012-growth....
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113. Min Zeng, Spain May Be Too Big to Fail, But Worries Grow, Wall St. J., May 26, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110526-715525.html.

Part 6-III: What Measures Did Europe Take to Contain the Crisis?

1. Abboushi Suhail, Greek Financial Crisis, 8 Competition Forum 97 (2010).
2. About EFSF, European Financial Stability Facility, 2011 http://www.efsf.europa.eu/about/index.htm.
3. Alex Barker, EU Ban on ‘Naked’ CDS to Become Permanent, Financial Times, 19 October 2011, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cc9c5050-f96f-11e0-bf8f-00144feab49a.html#axzz1bEPy0Lbz.
4. B. Davis, IMF’s Sweeping Demands Signal Shift, Wall Street Journal, May 3, 2010.
5. B. Davis, Who’s on the Hook for the IMF’s Greek Bailout?, Wall Street Journal, May 5, 2010.
6. Carsten Volkery, Critics Question Merkel's Fiscal Pact Proposal, Spiegel Online, January 27, 2012 http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,811791,00.html.
7. Civitas, The European Central Bank, July 7, 2011, http://www.civitas.org.uk/eufacts/FSINST/BO1.htm.
8. Civitas, The European Council, available at http://www.civitas.org.uk/eufacts/FSINST/IN2.htm.
9. ECB, Article 7, Statute of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and of the European Central Bank, ecb.int/ecb/legal/pdf/en_statute_2.pdf.
10. E.D. Kain, Euro Rallies as G20 Calls for Speedy Recovery Plan, Forbes, October 16, 2011. http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2011/10/16/euro-rallies-as-g20-calls-for-speedy-recovery-plan/.
11. EU Ratifies Crisis Makeover to Stability and Growth Pact, EurActiv.com., September 30, 2011. http://www.euractiv.com/euro-finance/eu-ratifies-crisis-makeover-stability-growth-pact-news-507996.
12. European Union Treaty, Article 103.
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14. Europe Debt Crisis, New York Times, http://www.newyorktimes interactive/business/Europe-debt-crisis-timeline.htm.
15. Europe’s Debt Crisis Timeline, Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-EZdebt0210.html.
16. Gabi Thesing, ECB Balance Sheet Increases to Record $3.55 Trillion After Loans to Banks, Bloomberg, December 28, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-28/ecb-balance-sheet-increases-to-a-record-3-55-trillion-on-loans-to-banks.html.
17. Gabi Thesing and F. Krause-Jackson, Greece Gets $146 Billion Rescue in EU, IMF Packages, Bloomberg, May 3, 2010.
18. German Court Rejects Challenges to Euro Bailouts, Speigel Online, September 7, 2011. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,784859,00.html.
19. Gideon Rachman, Saving the Euro is the Wrong Goal, Financial Times, November 7, 2011, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9542474a-0937-11e1-a20c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1d4Ctyngn.
20. Greece's Worsening Situation to Dominate Summit, Spiegel Online, January 30, 2012 http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,812215,00.html.
21. J. Ewing and J. Kanter, European Officials Move to Carry Out Rescue Package, New York Times, May 10, 2010.
22. John Chapman, CDS: Modern Day Weapons of Mass Destruction, Financial Times, 11 September 2011, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1c81fdf8-d4b9-11e0-a7ac-00144feab49a.html#axzz1bEPy0Lbz.
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26. K. Jenkins, EU rescue Plan May Unravel as Economic Growth Ebbs, Bloomberg, October 31, 2011. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2011/10/31/bloomberg_articlesLTXGOM07SXKX.DTL.
27. Marcus Walker, Forelle Charles, and Blackstone Brian, On the Secret Committee to Save the Euro, A Dangerous Divide, Wall Street Journal, September 24, 2010. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703467004575464113605731560.html.
28. Matthew Brockett, Draghi Tells Financial Times Bond Buying Unlikely as ECB Abides by Mandate, Bloomberg, December 19, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-18/draghi-tells-financial-times-bond-buying-unlikely-as-ecb-abides-by-mandate.html.
29. Matthias Brendel and Christoph Pauly, The Hidden Cost of Saving the Euro: ECB's Balance Sheet Contains Massive Risks, Spiegel Online, 24 May 2011.
30. Michelle Chang, Reforming the Stability and Growth Pact:Size and Influence in EMU policy making, 28 European Integration 107 (2006).
31. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Economic Outlook (2010).
32. Portugal Progess in Bailout Under Review, Business Times, November 8, 2011. http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/sub/news/story/0,4574,464137,00.html.
33. Richard Barley, German Court Casts Shadow Over Euro-Zone Bonds, Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903285704576556592798441036.html.
34. Saving the Euro: German President Questions Legality of ECB Bond Purchases, Spiegel Online, August 24, 2011, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,782171,00.html.
35. Stephania Bianchi, Roubini Says Euro Needs €2 Trillion Bazooka, Bloomberg, 3 October 2011, available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-03/roubini-says-europe-needs-2-trillion-euro-bazooka-for-crisis.html.
36. Stephen King, Saving the Euro Gets More Difficult by the Week, The Independent, September 12, 2011. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/comment/stephen-king/stephen-king-saving-the-euro-gets-more-difficult-by-the-week-2353296.html.
37. The Case Against the EMU, The Economist, June 13, 1992.
38. The Karlsruhe Factor: What will the German Constitutional Court ruling mean for the eurozone crisis? Open Europe, Briefing note, September 5, 2011, http://www.openeurope.org.uk/research/Karlsruhefactor.pdf.
39. Treaty on European Union, Article 15(6). See also, Civitas, European Council, available at http://www.civitas.org.uk/eufacts/FSINST/IN2.htm.
40. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Articles 121 and 126.
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42. William Boston, Germany Tries to Save the Euro, All by Itself, TIME.com, 21 May 2010. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1991154,00.html.
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Part 6-IV: The Global Effects of the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

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